Management and Wolfgang Keller Essay

1) Who is Wolfgang Keller? What are his key strengths and weaknesses? Wolfgang Keller is the Managing Director of Konigsbrau-TAK, which is the Ukranian subsidiary of a major premium beer brewer. Keller has previous experience in financially turning around a German food product manufacturer’s two subsidiaries (relatively smaller in scale than his current organization). Keller’s foremost strength is his ability to turn around an apparently difficult (for example, the economic turn-around of various subsidiaries) and at times apparent impossible situations (for instance, resolution of a distributor’s lawsuit, collection of payment from a near-bankrupt distributor, etc.). He has been successful in managing an organization in a foreign country for which he has made efforts to learn the language and understand the business culture. He has a hands-on management style and likes to be actively involved in the operational aspects of the business. He has the ability to build personal and, if needed, informal relationships with his staff and c ustomers alike which has been instrumental in the better performance of his company. As Dr Haussler has indicated, many of Keller’s weaknesses are â€Å"the other side† of his strengths. For example, his attempts at being hands-on can be perceived as over-interference by his sub-ordinates. Also, by trying to manage situations by himself he makes himself open to criticism over his team-working and proper delegation abilities. Keller himself recognizes that he can be impatient and may not give enough time for his ideas to settle in the minds of others. Another of his weaknesses, again as highlighted by his manager, seems to be his less than cordial relationship with corporate staff and infrequency of reporting to the corporate headquarters and his line manager. This is also something that may be construed as a problem with Keller’s working practices as a part of team. 2) What important issues does Keller face? What are the most pressing problems he needs to address upon return to Athens? There are three important issues which Keller faces and they are as follows. First is to try and improve upon his shortcomings (as highlighted in his annual performance appraisal) vis-à  -vis the corporate staff and his line manager. There have been questions raised about his personality and attitude which include his management style and his ability to work well in a team. This may not be the most pressing problem but it could turn out to be a hard one to improve upon. This is because it might require fundamental changes to how Keller is used to work with and manage his staff. Second, is the issue of his working relationship with Mr. Antonov. Keller has been in-charge of all operational activities with minimal involvement from Antonov in the general management of the subsidiary. This has been noticed by the senior management in Germany and Keller has been advised to try and keep Antonov in the loop more than he is currently. The management recognizes the importance of Antonov’s maturity and experience of the local business and Keller has been asked to make such use of Antonov. Third, and this is the most pressing issue faced by Keller, is the apparent performance issue of Mr. Brodsky, the commercial director. Keller, over the course of two years of Brodsky being in the company, has noticed several issues with Brodsky’s performance. Keller feels that Brodsky is too slow to react to situations and he (Keller) has had to intervene many a times in order to prevent a potential disaster to the company. According to Keller, Brodsky’s â€Å"formal and distant† style is not suited to his job as a commercial director and moreover does not tune in well with Keller’s current and future commercial strategy of which an integral part is a close relationship with the company’s distributors. Keller does not see Bordsky as a leader of his sales force and considers his management style as more suited to a corporate staff based job than as a line manager. 3) What would you recommend to Keller to improve his effectiveness and chances of success? I think, Keller’s experience in relatively smaller company previously has influenced strongly his working and management style (as is hinted by his manager and accepted by himself). He tends to rely much on personal contacts with his staff and even his customers and probably dislikes corporate procedures (evident by his apparent errors in interpreting corporate policies) and standard reporting mechanisms (evident by his infrequent communication to his line management). This works for a smaller organization but in a larger, multi-billion dollar, company Keller must learn to respect the importance of formal and frequent communication both upwards to the senior management and encourage it from his direct reports. If Keller has to succeed and move further up he needs to develop this skill of taking stock of and manage a situation when it may not be possible to be directly involved in that. This I believe is crucial for Keller. Keller needs to learn the art of suitable delegation. Keller can tend to micro-manage situations and thus encroach upon his subordinates’ job responsibilities. Keller has defended this approach by pointing out that he uses the same approach with all his managers and none have raised a flag except Brodsky. I think this is something that Keller must address — he needs to delegate properly and thus build an atmosphere of long-lasting trust amongst his subordinates. His reports may only joke about it as of now (ref. the mock organization chart) but in future that may turn into something similar to what’s happening with Brodsky. Keller needs to control his natural inclination to be too hands-on and must try to hold back. A failure can teach a lesson more than constant lessons from a line manager. So depending on the situation it may be wise for Keller to let his report take a decision which in Keller’s opinion may not be the best one. About the current issues that Keller is facing with Brodsky, as Keller himself concedes, firing Brodsky may not be the best decision at this moment. Keller should try and find the middle path with Brodsky – use his strengths and make his perceived weaknesses unimportant and make him feel free enough to manage his department. I think Keller should somehow try and get positive feedback from staff (maybe through a round of â€Å"360 degree feedback†) to verify whether his analysis that Brodsky is not a â€Å"charismatic leader† is really true or unjustified. It could be that Brodsky’s staff may be too happy to have a leader who delegates rather than someone who is constantly involved in their day-to-day work. Keller, in the short term, should try to have an open mind about Brodsky’s abilities and try and involve him more in the setting of the overall commercial strategy of the company and let him have more freedom in managing his department. This would not only do well to his image as a team-worker but may also help in improving relations with Brodsky. Further, if Brodsky’s performance still does not change, Keller might be able to form a stronger case of Brodsky’s removal from the company.

Personal or Narrative Essay: My Environmental Practices Essay

Now it’s your turn to write a personal or narrative essay. For this kind of personal writing, you are using the first person perspective. Keep your writing informal. You can make connections to your readings, referring to specific relevant details from the â€Å"Ten Things† article, or anything else you have read on how to reduce your negative impact on the environment. In your composition, feel free to share how you feel now about your own environmental practices, any insights you have gained, and ideas you have for the future. Write a five paragraph personal essay or narrative about the connection between your lifestyle choices and how they impact the broader environment. There are three steps to this assignment: Step A: In the first hour after waking up in the morning, make note of everything you use, and the country where it was made. Makes notes also on your connection to these places, and the people in these places, through the things you use. Step B: Make notes on what your best environmental practice might look like, related to the use of these items. In your opinion, is what you are doing right now enough? How might you do more? What is stopping you? For ideas on what else you could be doing to improve your own environmental practices, refer to your answers from Lesson A: Activity 1: â€Å"Ten Things You Can Do. † Step C: Choose to write either a personal essay, or a narrative. Note that personal essays almost always involve some form of narrative, while narrative essays, often written in first person, tell a story from beginning to end; though this does not mean they merely entertain—they explain something to the reader as well. Recall the following characteristics of the narrative and personal essay: Narrative Essay: A narrative essay is a story that describes a sequence of events, in this case, nonfiction. Remember the following elements of narrative essays: makes a point, introduced in the first paragraph has a beginning, middle, and end events are chosen to support the essay’s point includes the devices of story: plot, character, setting, climax, and ending has a consistent point of view (the authors’ –i. e. yours! ) includes feelings about events starts as close to the inciting incident (the event that begins the story) as possible includes only what is necessary to advance the action Personal Essay: The personal essay constitutes a struggle for emotional and intellectual honesty. In writing a personal essay, you show a vulnerability and the courage to admit self-contradictions in the search for truth. Remember the following elements of the personal essay: almost always written in first person makes a point, introduced in the first paragraph, expressed in a thesis statement almost always some autobiographical content or component constructed of personal opinions, hopes, beliefs, doubts, confusions intimate, personal tone—admit the reader into your inner thoughts, musings—as if your reader is â€Å"eavesdropping on a mind in solitude† voice is conversational in style and tone, as though you are addressing a small audience approach is contemplative, but can be humourous, not of very strong emotions, such as rage or bitterness returns to the point in the concluding paragraph with a new perspective Personal/Narrative Essay Checklist: 1. Have you chosen a topic you can be sincere about? Manufactured sincerity doesn’t fly in a personal essay or first person narrative. 2. Have you included some autobiographical component? 3. Are you seeking out a truth in your essay? 4. Do you contemplate more than one answer? This is useful in a personal essay. 5. Did you write in the first person, with a conversational tone? 6. Is your essay of sufficient length to pursue your question? For the purposes of this assignment, you need to include: an introductory paragraph

Positive Relationships With Children Essay

Positive relationships with children and young people are important for the following reasons: When a child/young person feels comfortable and settled within their care setting they are more likely to engage and participate more with staff and other children within the group which creates a more relaxed atmosphere, it also makes the separation process easier for the parents/carers as well as the child /young person as it shows that the child/young person is emotionally secure, Building and maintaining positive relationships is also important as it contributes to the developmental needs of each individual child/young person personally, socially and emotionally which then enhances their language skills as they gain confidence talking to each other and staff. Positive relationships also enables us as practitioners to understand and respond to children/young people more effectively as we are able to recognise their emotions and expressions and also enables practitioners to plan more accurately as we know more of the interests and understand the developmental needs of the children/young people in our care. Making sure as a practitioner I keep to my word i.e. if a child/group have done a particular activity today, and I have told another group/child they may have a turn next session I must make sure that is what takes place as theses situations will affect the trust between myself and the children within the setting. Positive relationships are maintained by us practitioners, parents /carers being good role models, by showing courtesy and respect to each other at all times, remembering that we must show respect and courtesy to our younger as well as our elders, Always being fair and consistent, listening to what is being said without making judgement and making sure that any rules and boundaries set out are kept to and understanding when information is to be kept confidential, being able to identify and resolve disagreements /conflicts, help children and young people to understand the difference. Effective communication- the way in which we speak to an individual, according to age and developmental stage of the child/young person, being  aware of body language/hand gestures and facial expressions. Ensuring that children and young people are aware and understand their views and opinions are valued and considered. It is important that people involved in the care of children and young people build and maintain positive relationships with each other, as this can also have an enormous impact the development and wellbeing of the children and young people within their care spectrum, having a positive relationship with the child/young persons parent/carer can have positive effect on the child/young person, as this is the first step in getting to know and understand the initial needs and preferences, likes and dislikes and fears or concerns of each individual, also by including parent/carers in various sessions giving them the opportunity to contribute and get involved in planning and implementing of various activities it encourages people to engage in conversation where different views, ideas, and skills are learned. Also shared whilst showing the children/young people how to live in diverse community where we are all individuals who are able to work together regardless of background or upbringing. positive relationships between the various professionals working with children/young people whether it be colleagues, external agency/organisation or service, is important as it has a direct impact on the child/young person ongoing development, being able to share information between adults involving children/young people in different situations engaging in various activities, means that planning for the children/young people can be done more effectively as each professional involved may see a different way of contributing towards the development /wellbeing of the child/young person, they may also have the opportunity to identify any needs and interests different to those already established, the welfare of children/young people can be properly monitored while being assured that each child/young person is being given consistent care, any concerns or issues can be shared accurately and promptly when required following correct procedures and guidelines.

Is Small Beautiful The Management Styles of Small Firms Essay

Is Small Beautiful The Management Styles of Small Firms - Essay Example Whatever the reason, small businesses have become a prevalent part of the United Kingdom economy, and consequently, it is important to understand their nature and the way in which they operate. Small firms are more than simply scaled down versions of their larger counterparts, they operate differently, make different decisions and are driven by many factors that do not affect larger firms (Atkinson, 2008). It is often perceived that small businesses have an ideal management structure, which is harmonious, where management and employees work together towards a similar goal. This essay examines what type of management styles are present in small businesses, whether this perception of ‘small is beautiful’ is real, and what influences management of small firms. Not just size alone Many theories and approaches to examining management of small firms assume that there is harmony across the industry. However, small firms are not homogenous with one another; instead they are subject to a range of different factors that influence the way that they operate, their management styles and their success. For example, ownership structures differ between small firms, with the owner being either, self-employed, owner-director, owner controller or a small employer. Because of these variations between small businesses, any consideration of the management styles and methods of control must also consider other factors about the firm, such as structure and agency (Barrett and Rainnie, 2002). ... Even when sections of the industry are taken into account there is still substantial variation in the way that businesses operate and what factors drive them (Ram and Edwards, 2003). For example, some firms focus primarily on profit, while others desire a family business and are not willing to put this in jeopardy even if this would mean increased profits. Likewise, some small firms compete directly with larger ones by producing similar products, while others produce a unique and distinct products do not directly compete with larger firms. Therefore, it is not possible to provide an overall model of the small business industry, or to predict what management styles will be present under different sets of circumstances. A more effective approach is to examine the different management styles that are present in small firms and how these differ from those common in larger firms. It has been argued that the definition of a small firm needs significant work, as the current perception focus es mainly on number of employees and the precise number differs between publications. The problem with this method of defining small firms is that it does not take into account the complexities and variation that is present within the small industry sector. Some authors or publications make use of key business characteristics to determine whether the company is a small business, or a combination of industry and size. An example of this is the suggestion that in the manufacturing industry, a small business is one that has less than 200 employees. One suggestion has been to modify the definition of a small company so that it uses a qualitative

Health Program Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health Program Evaluation - Essay Example As the officials in charge of social programs happen to be humans and thus fallible, either deliberately or inadvertently, a strong requirement for accountability keeps them alert and keeps such programs, efficient and productive. As the state run health and social programs happen to be complex and intricate, so far as their scope, implementation, assessment and budgeting is concerned, an accurate and scientific system for the evaluation of such programs enables the state and the citizens in determining and enforcing accountability on the officials and professionals managing such vital programs, that are often so crucial, so far as the stability and progress in a welfare state is concerned. "Program evaluations are systematic studies using scientific research methods to assess how well a program is working (Shipman, 2008, p.1). In the contemporary era of constrained budgets, when health has become a major political and public issue, it is imperative that the agencies managing the health and social programs are able to authenticate the expenses incurred by them in the light of the pragmatic and desirable outcome achieved by them. In that sense, evaluation facilitates the people and the state agencies with the much desired tool, which can be used to gauge as to what extent these programs contribute to the envisaged goals and helps them cross check and improve the performance of such programs on a regular basis. Establishing accountability, so far as health and social programs are concerned becomes a mere exercise in words, unless it is backed by authentic and verifiable data. Accountability can be enforced only if it is supported by concrete evidence that brings it within the framework of legal and statutory remedies. Herein lies the relevance of evaluation. Many experts like to put forward the argument that government agencies have miserably failed, so far as the management of health programs is concerned and the privatization of these services is the only possible panacea. Such individuals fail to see that entrusting such crucial programs in private hands can possibly further augment the scope for inefficiency, as the private firms work purely for profit motives and lack any welfare oriented guidelines. Infact, it simply does not matter who stands at the helm of affairs, whether it is some state official or a private firm. The point that deserves the tax payer's immediate attention is th at what kind and quality of evaluation programs are being employed to analyze such programs It is pivotal that the evaluation programs being used to assess the health or social programs should be accurate enough to solicit a wide range

Analyse article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyse article - Essay Example Furthermore, the article points out that oceans absorbs more carbon dioxide thus making it more acidic which erodes the skeletal structure of the corals. Consequently, these factors have led to loss of 27% of the coral reefs and an estimated 60% could be lost in 30 years. Accordingly, the article points out that when these corals are exposed to acidity conditions, or pollution, zooxanthellae and other microscopic algae in the process referred to as â€Å"coral bleaching† (Vallery 2015).These microscopic algae alongside the zooxanthellae are responsible for the production of oxygen, food and the beautiful rainbow colors that have made human beings to fall in love with the corals. Similarly, coral reefs usually plays a significant part in terms of ensuring that the aquatic system stays healthy and therefore it is important that coral reefs be preserved. Sadly, the article points out that loss of coral reefs would lead to up to 25% of the loss of the total biodiversity of the aquatic and marine life. Furthermore, this loss would lead to the extinction of various marine animals consequently affecting the global ecosystem. Quite surprisingly however, the article points out that the loss of coral reefs can be avoided. The article illustrates that a scientific study found that 12 out of 21coral reefs were able to recover as a result of the coral bleaching process. In a nutshell, the article talks about the importance of coral reefs in the overall ecosystem, whilst airing the concern that it has continued to face depletion. Therefore, the article campaigns towards the reduction in the amount of loss of the coral reefs, in order to realize a healthy ecosystem. People are therefore faced with the responsibility to ensure that coral reefs are given the chance to survive. This can be achieved through minimization of human actions such as overfishing, releasing carbon dioxide and other

Californias anti terrorism laws after september 911 Essay

Californias anti terrorism laws after september 911 - Essay Example To safeguard people’s interests, new strategies and plans were required to be developed and enforced. Laws needed to be framed to make Americans feel safe emotionally, physically and politically. Therefore, the US Patriotic Act was amended and renamed ‘USA Patriot and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act’. It was made more stringent and extra statutes included with wide ranging terrorists relating offences like deliberate and destructive activity against the state or its people resulting in loss of life or property, money laundering, surveillance and detention of people under suspect of terrorist activities etc. with capital punishment introduced. a new department known as Department of Public Safety and Homeland Security was opened which was headed by Secretary of the department who in turn was directly appointed by the Governor. The department has four divisions: the Highway Patrol, Law Enforcement, Fire Protection and Emergency Management and Division of Victims services. Special center called ‘California Anti terrorism Information Center’ (CATIC) was launched with an initial budget of $1.85 million to support anti-terrorism law enforcement activities with a state level criminal intelligence database which would coordinate with the federal agency. After 9/11, California government has made serious efforts to reinstate public confidence by providing continued support to the families of 9/11 and implementing a series of legal and administrative measures to combat any future terrorist acts in the

Today's Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Today's Architecture - Essay Example The working thesis for the research is that ethics and social responsibility are important for architects. The angle of the research will be finding the benefits and reasons for ethical and social responsibility for architects and the development of strategies that will be effective in meeting the ethical needs of student architects. A study of the ethical and social responsibility of architects is an important undertaking because of the influence of the design choices made by architects on communities, individuals, and the global community. Architecture as a profession spans a lot of issues and the choices made in the course of design has direct and indirect impacts on the air quality, land use, design of public spaces, functions of the buildings, allocation of resources, security and safety of the buildings designed to the current and future generations, and aesthetic delight, among other issues. Being an architecture study, I believe I will be in a good position to capture the main issues to be dealt with in the research. The primary audience includes architects, critics of the architecture profession, and readers of architecture journals, including the Architect’s Newspaper and Architect’s Journal, aimed at dealing with responsible architecture, and the general public (Shobow, March 12, 2014). The secondary audience includes fellow students and professor. The audience believes in the importance of having ethics and social responsibility by architects. Ethical guidelines are present for architects but not followed too much owing to the client requirements that take more precedence. From the research I have noted on the high insistence on having ethical guidelines and following them in the course of architecture to ensure the needs of the client, as well as those of the society, are represented in design (Chan, 2013). I need to

Learning how to do sitting in volleyball Term Paper

Learning how to do sitting in volleyball - Term Paper Example With the number, percentage of disabled people rising from 10% of the total world population, sitting volleyball has gained much emphasis in the current decades of the 21st century (Katalin, 2008). Sitting volleyball is fundamentally aimed at athletes with ‘lower extremity impairment’ and supposed to play a significant role in building their personality features in a positive manner (HÃ ¤yrinen & Blomqvist, 2007). The skills most demanded in this kind of sports are the discrete skills and skills to ensure continuous practice of the game that would enrich motor learning of the participants. It is in this context that the mechanism of control mostly used in sitting volleyball is based on the notion of motor learning (Vute, 2005). Motor learning is commonly referred as the process of learning through experiences. With significance to its application in the training and coaching systems that are used in sitting volleyball, Vute (2009) argued that success of such processes, depend largely on the psycho-motor abilities of the players along with their motor behaviors. Vute (2009) also argued the different forms of disabilities that might hinder performances of players in sitting volleyball, which include locomotor disorders, amputee, cerebral palsy and poliomyelitis, which may give rise to varying results from motor learning attributes incorporated in the coaching programs in the game. Nevertheless, it must be noted that the application of motor learning in sitting volleyball had been studied with limited significance until date, wherein its wider applicability is observed among normal volleyball players. Katic, Grgantov & Jurko (2006) argued in this regard that motor skills in learning new winning techniques in volleyball depend largely on explosive strengths and the degree of agility among the players, especially when concentrating on female athletes. Emphasizing a similar concern, Milic, Grgantov and Katic (2012) asserted that the influence of motor learning

Origins of American Civilizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Origins of American Civilizations - Essay Example Douglas (2010) gives a narration of how the American society rejected the British rule; they formed social groups of like-minded citizens and began via demonstrations. The associations’ growth degenerated into militia groups fighting the British Army. It was strengthened by alliances with the French, Spaniards, and the Dutch. The war came to an end towards the south under general Washington opening doors for a peace treaty between the opposing factions of the American Revolt. The peace treaty was a platform designed to enable nation minded citizens to define the America constitution and governance. The political shape up that occurred in America made them stronger. It was a new beginning, a new America (Douglas). The persons who fought British rule included the patriots. Contrary to the oppression, British army and the loyalists within the American borders became the battle force. The war between the two factions defines the outfit taken by the American journey to freedom. The war was recorded to have lasted between the years 1775-1783. Whereas the war started in 1775, protests were witnessed as early as 1774. Patriotic groups, as recorded by Dull (1975), were designed to work in sync and conglomerate their energy towards rescuing America from British rule. The pioneer group documented among the majority of the social groups was the Suffolk Resolves. They had a strong force that managed to outplay the British royal government that led the Massachusetts borders. The activism that was organized by the group successfully confined the British rules to the city of Boston. The other nation dwellers must have had a jerk on their spirits from the Suffolk move. American Revolution evidently rode in groups of loyalists who took a bold move to outsmart and force the British rule one at a time (Dull). An incidence was witnessed in

A critique of the current arguments in the popular media regarding Term Paper

A critique of the current arguments in the popular media regarding intellectual property - Term Paper Example Issue of â€Å"copyrighted† material is on the agenda both for providers and users, as percentage of infringements in this sphere steadily grows. Discovering plagiarism in education, one should pay attention to sphere of copyright application. â€Å"Works covered by copyright include books, magazines, musical scores, motion pictures and computer software programs.† (Millonzi & Passannante 39 - 43) Writing term papers, dissertations, composing or technical projects, students require a large variety of information that must be properly cited. U.S. Copyright Office, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), WIPO and other organizations regulate these legal matters and develop preventive measures against plagiarism of the copyrighted material. iParadigms, LLC created an online software Turnitin for detection of plagiarism in written paper of students and authors. On the international market this intellectual rights protection service is intended for schools, colleges and universities. The software assesses similarity of the works, using electronic libraries, published articles, web-sites etc. Nevertheless, Matthew Dames doubts high efficiency of the product and rejects using it in his practice, because even minimum similarities are unavoidable. â€Å"A student cannot have a genuine original thought that is independent of another’s writings. As a result, the service skews overwhelmingly toward the benefit of authors whose work and reputation already have been established.† (Dames 23 - 25) This argument is logically grounded, as search results of Turnitin are based on maximum coincidence of words and word combinations. To deal with the arisen problem in the United States, Copyright Office and Department of Education should improve assessment criteria of the written works. Firstly, tutors should provide students exceptionally with theoretic background. There

Explaining Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures Essay Example for Free

Explaining Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures Essay Explaining Basic Accounting Concepts and Business Structures I will explain the basic accounting concepts and business structures from the following topics: GAAP sources and hierarchy; Good accounting information using the qualities of accounting principles; Difference between Accrual based accounting and cash basis of accounting; Types of business structures and the features of each structure. 1. GAAP sources and hierarchy Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) is the set of accounting principles, standards and procedures that companies use to prepare their financial statements. GAAP principles are the bases of financial reports and the guidelines of United States accounting practices. There are four categories of sources of GAAP hierarchy as follows: Category (A): FASB Standards, Interpretations, and Staff Positions; APB Opinions; AICPA Accounting Research Bulletins. Category (B): FASB Technical Bulletins (no longer issued), AICPA Industry Audit and Accounting Guides, AICPA Statements of Position. Category (C): FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, AICPA AcSEC Practice Bulletins. Category (D): AICPA Accounting Interpretations, FASB Implementation Guides (Q and A), widely recognized and prevalent industry practices. The category (a) of the GAAP hierarchy has a higher authority than a FASB Technical Bulletin, which is in category (b).The hierarchy is important because it gives the out layer for companies to search for the specific accounting transactions. For example, if a specific transaction can not be covered in category (a), then companies will turn to categories (b) for selecting and applying appropriate accounting principles, then (c) and (d). 2. Good accounting information using the qualities of accounting principles Good accounting information should be understandable. If no one can not understand the accounting information presented, it becomes useless to lose all of the other qualities. The good accounting information should be Reliable and Relevant. Reliability means verifiable, representation faithfulness, and free of error and bias. If the accounting numbers are wrong, there is no any meaning to use the information. Relevance means predictive or feedback value presented on a timely basis. The internal managerial accounting reports are different from the external financial reports. The relevant information is needed to prepare the different kinds of reports. The good accounting information should be Comparability and Consistency. The good information can be used to identify the differences and similarities between companies. The company consistently use the same accounting treatment for better auditing purposes. 3. Difference between Accrual basis accounting and cash basis of accounting The revenue recognition principle and the expense matching principle are two key elements for Accrual basis accounting. Company uses accrual basis accounting to recognize income when goods are shipped or services are rendered, and to recognize expense when it is obligated to pay it. On the contrast, cash basis accounting recognizes the revenue and expenses when the cash is received and paid. The cash basis accounting is prohibited under GAAP because it does not record revenue and expense when earned and incurred. It will misstate the actual income and expenses incurred and can not reflect the real business operation during the accounting period. 4. Types of business structures and the features of each structure There are three types of business structures-Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, and Corporation. Sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. It is the simplest form of business ownership. The sole proprietor is in direct control of all affairs and entitled all profits and losses and is free to transfer his interest in the sole proprietorship at will. The disadvantage is that the sole proprietor would be fully responsible for all debts and obligations related to the business. The business would have difficulty in raising capital. Partnership is a business owned by two or more persons associate a partner. Partnership can bring broad resources and unique skills. All the partners share profit and losses, share the right to manage and make major business decisions, have unlimited personal liability for obligation of the partnership. For tax advantage, the partnership does not pay federal income tax; rather, partners file their own individual tax return. Disadvantage is that partners are fully and personally liable for the debts if their partnership. Corporation is a legal entity distinct from its owners (called â€Å"shareholders† or â€Å"stockholders†) and manager. It is easy to raise fund. The major advantage of corporation is that the owners are not personally liable for the obligation. Stockholders are free to transfer their ownership interests. Corporation must pay income taxes on any profits that it makes, and stockholders generally do not have to pay income tax on its profits until they are distributed as dividends. The corporate tax rate generally is lower than the personal tax rate.

A History Of Feminism English Language Essay

A History Of Feminism English Language Essay Feminism is a historically recurring phenomenon, being a potent form of cultural identity to take on linguistic and social expression (Simon, 1996; 7). The concept of gender in an era of feminism, a period powerfully influenced by feminist thought, has been the focus of research in the field of translation studies. Issues of gendered identity within translation was first introduced by feminist thinkers in the 1960s and 1970s to question the cultural and political powerlessness of women (von Flotow, 1997: 5). The emergence of Canadian feminist translations (Godard, 1990, Lotbinià ¨re-Harwood 1991; von Flotow 1991), established a school of work, modelling a theory from incorporating feminist ideology into translation, which resultantly has influenced international translation studies. The pre-established notion that language was not only a man-made artefact but an expressive tool to reflect on male ideology impelled discussions of gender and translation. Contemporary theorists viewed this patriarchal language, traditionally used in largely male-run institutions such as universities, as an instrument of womens oppression (Lotbinià ¨re-Harwood 1991; von Flotow 1991). Needing to radically change these conventions, feminist translating during the 1970s sought to undermine and subvert patriarchal language, to introduce new, experimental ways of writing so that language could be used as a cultural intervention; an endeavour to alter expressions of dominance whether at the level of syntax or semantics (Simon, 1996: 9). Feminist theories have also initiated a revision of the terms central to translation studies and feminism, such as traditional hierarchies and gendered roles, and rules defining fidelity. Under the influence of the cultural turn, contemporary translation was not only an operation of linguistic transfer, but also one that created new textual forms and introduced new paradigms of knowledge. Translation is considered as a way of engaging with literature; where the feminist thought creates new lines of cultural communication, where translators are involved in a politics of transmission (Simon1996:viii). In addition, feminist theorisers saw a parallel between womens oppression in language and culture and its association to the devaluation of translation (Chamberlain, 1992). Translations themselves, given that they are secondary pieces of work, have negatively been linked with implications of discursive inferiority. The authority of the original over the reproduction is linked with imagery of masculinity and femininity; the original is considered the strong generative male, the translation the weaker and derivative female. (Simon, 1996: 1)  [1]  From this, the art of translating has been envisioned as a feminine activity (Simon 1996; Flotow 1997). Nonetheless, despite its historical status as a weak and passive composition, translating has offered a means of expression for women; allowing them to contribute to the intellectual and political aspects of society. In precedent years, scholarly authorship was primarily regarded as a male activity in European culture, and published literary work by women was susceptible to accusations of presumption (Krontiris 1992: 17-18).  [2]  Adversely, translation offered an opportunity for women to become involved in literary culture in a way that did not openly challenge social or literary power arrangements. Another theoretical view challenges the belief that the status of translation is analogous to that of women. Simon (1996) distinguishes a language of sexism in translation studies, noting connotations with dominance, fidelity and betrayal. Representative of this is the seventeenth century adage of les belles infidà ¨les, a term coined by Gilles Mà ©nage to describe the French practice of translation.  [3]  4The idea it encapsulates is that translations, like women, can be either beautiful or faithful, but not both; thus, being viewed as mutually exclusive. The term has hence come to signify a type of translation that diverges from its original to an extent that it betrays the source text. Such disparaging comparisons lead to objections and strong criticism on behalf of the feminist thinkers. According to Chamberlain (1992), terms such as les belles infidà ¨les express the traditional depreciation of both women and translation, resulting in the basis of feminist translation the ory: to identify and critique the tangle of concepts which relegates both women and translation to the bottom of the social and literary ladder (Simon, 1996: 1). From the revioson of such theories, it is discernible that taking a feminist approach on translation seeks to challenges the conventional hierarchies in society. Issues of language and gender have become intertwined, where gender can be seen as an element of identity and in some ways, takes form through social consciousness (Spivak, 1990). Applying a feminist voice to translation projects allows a translator to assert her identity and ideological stance. The feminist translator shows her critical judgement and her interminable re-reading and re-writing, flaunts the signs of her manipulation of the text highlighting her role on determining meaning to her work (Godard 1990: 91). What feminist theory highlights is this renewed sense of agency in translation, allowing the reader to make cultural sense of the difference between original and translation. Feminist translation endeavours to extend and develop the intention of the source text. Sherry Simon (cited in Arrojo, 1994) argues that the remarkable aspect of translation is that represents equivalence in difference. Taking into account the feminist perspective, provides an alternative voice to the original text, aiming to make the feminine visible in language (De Lotbiniere-Harwood, 1996: 15). Von Flotow (1997: 10) also expresses this intent by stating, if we continue to speak the same language, we will reproduce the same (his)story, therefore showing the need to create new lines of transmission. Exemplary of this approach is the Bible where revised versions provide a fresh vantage point for the reader. The eventual production of The Womens Bible (Stanton, 1895) was an attempt to draw attention to the sexist nature of current translations.  [5]  It was seen as a way to develop a language in an effort to alter expressions of domination and de-construct patriarchal language. political motive De Lotbinià ¨re-Harwood defined translation as a political activity making language speak for women. (Santaemilla, 2005: 36) but needs a limitation. Duly, feminist translation opens up the question of fidelity, which has been an established quandary throughout the history of translation.  [6]  The meaning of the original and the message intended for the reader can be uncertain and constantly subject to interpretation and distortion. A translation significantly altered will result in the work being an adaptation rather than a reproduction of the source text. Determinately, an excessive amount of manipulation will result in a loss of originality, where Brazilian critic Rosemary Arrojo (1994), states that it is contradictory to claim fidelity to a text one deliberately subverts.  [7]   However, for feminist translations, fidelity is to be directed toward the writing project itself, rather than to the authors original or the reader (Simon, 1996). Though there is recognition that the translator arbitrates the role of interventionist, as she reproduces faithfully but has scope for intervention, albeit this does not mean that the translation can be free in her reproduction but that her work should be shaped and focused by its final aims.  [8]   Another constraint is that translations themselves are made for a target audience, usually dependent on the receptor language. Likewise, a radically feminist text will only target one specific readership Equally, certain problems can arise from attempting to translate a highly masculine text With the prevalence of machismo in Spain and Latin America, the work of translating cultural gender differences has repeatedly raised issues of sexism. Suzanne Levine (1983: 83), experiences difficulties when translating metaphors and images referring negatively to women, questioning whether to repeat the same archetype in her translation.  [9]  Not only will it possess a question of fidelity but also a loss of originality. The presence of a system of sexist thinking in an authors work can make it very difficult to translate with a feminist approach. Obviously, the substance of the work represents a certain meaning that the author aspires to express, a meaning behind the choice of words, and through feminist thinking, this message could be lost through translation. Another obstacle when appropriating a feminist translation may stem from cultural problems rather than linguistic. Trying to re-work a text that is reflective of a specific time period it is written manifests difficulties. Translations of various books from the Bible have incorporated the use of neutral pronouns in an attempt to eliminate male-bias language (Haugerud, 1977).  [10]  Feminist revisions of the Bible do not seek to change the content of the text but are rather concerned with the language in which this content is expressed.  [11]  In riposte, Nida (cited in von Flotow, 1997: 55) asserts that the Bible needs to be read in the context of the male-dominated society in which it originated. Bearing these factors in mind, revising the language from a radically feminist perspective can considerably change the tone and meaning. Gender neutrality can be a way to explicitly avoid a Karen Nà ¶lle-Fischer (1995) translation has shown her the immense benefits of a language in which gender need not be immediately revealed in the nouns, adjectives or participles an author uses. In English, it is easy to postpone revealing the sex of any character, thus heightening the effect of gender when this mysterious person turns out to be contrary to what is believed.. It is thus possible to maintain ambiguities leave things up to the readers imagination and not impose one particular reading. It is difficult to maintain this ambiguity in gender marked languages. Given the characteristics inherent in languages with grammatical gender, where it explicitly references the sex of the noun, translators providing an English version of the source text will face uncertainties when translating. Canadian feminist translators innovated to find new formulas of expression that did not erase the gender marks of the original (Lotbinià ¨re-Harwood 1991; von Flotow 1991).  [12]   When looking at the contents page of the text, various language manipulations occur, in the titles of the short stories. The majority of them reflect on the translators position to remain neutral when re-working the gender-marked Spanish: Regalo para una novia, where sweetheart has been chosen instead of the more obvious girlfriend. This again can be seen with El huà ©sped de la maestra, without making explicit references to the sex ot the subjects in English.  [13]   Another difference can be seen with the translation of a word, as is explicit in Marà ­a la boba. Boba which refers to silly or naÃÆ' ¯ve gives off a negative connotation, but the English simple is quite neutral, reflecting that the author wished not to attribute a negative connotation to Marà ­a, Peden presenting her own feminist perspective. Yet probably the most striking alteration is with Nià ±a perversa, where not only does the English opt out of referencing the sex of the child, but translates perversa as wicked. Although accurately, wicked is a true rendering of the word perversa, the two do not share the same connotation even after having read the story.  [14]   However, if perversa was translated as perverted in the English, it would have a rather stronger connotation than the Spanish, and thus ascertaining the issues behind a cultural sense of the difference between original and translation. The alteration in the translation is not of a significant difference, demonstrating Simons belief of equivalence in difference. Another example where meaning is sometimes lost through translation is during the opening paragraph of the story. The young girl, Elena, is described as skinny and unattractive, as una cachorra desnutrida where the English translates as a scrawny whelp. A few lines on, with regards to Elenas solitary character she is referred to as una gata, where Peden writes a waif. Does mean wicked but dependent on the context, and I dont think it applies here. In the Spanish the metaphors plants a specific image in the readers mind, which is therefore lost in the English translation, as there is no build up of metaphors.  [15]   Interestingly, the translation does not take a strong feminist approach, showing that all translations need not be radically feminine. Pedens English translation remains faithful to the original text, rendering the meaning of Allendes stories within her new reproductions.

Strategies for Marketing Organic Food Products

Strategies for Marketing Organic Food Products There is a global growing demand and supply for organic foods. This has resulted from increased health awareness and food safety, a growing demand to protect the environment and animal welfare. The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM) defines organic production as a process that relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects (IFOAM, 2010). Marketing the product will provide the link that will satisfy both the demand and the supply. Thus marketing the products will provide the link between the producers and the consumers. While the marketing of these products is developed in the U.S.A, the Asian marketing is just developing. This essay will analyze marketing of organic food products in the U.S. and in Asia. The organic food production in the Asian countries is mainly done for the export market as the domestic consumption is still emerging (IFOAM, 2004). This is in contra st with the U.S. market where the number of organic food product consumers has been increasing gradually (Dimitri Oberholtzer, 2009). Production In most Asian countries organic production is mainly for small farmers in order to assist them to be self sufficient and improve the quality of the soil. It is mainly done for export. Organic food production in Asia is yet to develop. Though the Asian countries form 25 percent of the members of (IFOAM) the area engaged in organic farming is still very small as by 2003 all the Asian countries had only utilized less than 1 percent of all agricultural land in organic farming with the exception of china IFOAM, 2004). The local markets in Asia are not established and are only emerging. Marketing initiatives are in the process of being launched. There are National Initiatives to develop the organic sector. There are initiatives by NGOs supporting to practice organic agriculture and training them on how to market the organic food products. Most of the organic farming has support from the grassroots level. In most Asian countries there are very rare national scale of organic production and only India has a government initiative. The Indian government (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APFPEDA)) initiative is only meant to assist in exporting of the organic food and not to develop the domestic market. APFPEDA offers training to producers and certification agencies, research and development services: promoting certification programs, developing policies, improving quality of services, promoting Indian organic foods. Lack of proper regulations and certification processes has hindered the development of the organic food production and marketing. However this trend is changing as there are already several countries that have developed National Organic Regulations to promote both export and domestic production. The regulations are responsible for setting the standards. Currently most of the Asian organic foods are certified by foreign bodies, with only China, Israel, Japan, Thailand, India and Philippines being the only Asian countries with their own certification (IFOAM, 2004). As one of the largest consumers and one of the countries with a high per capita income, any change in the U.S consumption trend will have an effect. Thus organic food production and growth has been affected by the U.S consumption. The organic food production industry noted an increase of 16-21 percent in 2008. The industry receives government support both in monetary terms and in developing policies. This contrasts with the Asian industry which is still in the process of setting policies (Report buyer, 2010). The 2008 Farm Act allocated $5 million to do further research on the marketing system of organic food products in U.S. There are regulations in the U.S. which are provided by the 2002 USDA National Organic Standards. Challenges The main challenges facing the organic food marketing are the pricing competition and logistics arrangements. The organic foods have to compete with other non-organic foods in terms of pricing, varieties and the frequency of production. The organic food products are expensive to produce. Their infrastructure is yet to be developed and thus it is hard for the marketing organizations to sell them at a competitive price. The organic food products are expensive both in the Asian countries and in US. In US organic foods are 10 to 30 percent more expensive than the conventional food products (Dimitri Oberholtzer, 209). The domestic consumers are not informed on the benefits of using organic products. Consumers have little information on organic food products and most consumers will only compare the prices of the food products as they do not know the benefits of organic foods to themselves and to the nature. Apart from this, the organic foods have faced competition with the already developed conventional food products. Since there are only a few informed consumers, the organic food companies have to compete for this small number of consumers. There is a need to create consumer awareness. There is therefore a need for the relevant authorities to device ways to first develop a domestic market for organic foods. There is potential of growth that results from the fact that there are concerns by most consumers with the high chemical such as pesticides remnants in many foods. In addition to this organic foods are also preferred by those who are been sick. Another challenge faced in Asia is that the producers lack in marketing skills. This leads to the producers facing challenges from having to compete with supermarket chains. Most of the organic suppliers are smaller as compared to the conventional food suppliers. This leads to discontinuation of those organic foods that are slow moving, thus disrupting the already developing trend. In addition to this, most of the countries have not developed labeling laws. Consumers will have more confidence when purchasing labeled products. This is crucial for assurance of quality considering there are many self proclaimed organic products in the market. In the U.S the organic foods are sold in branded product lines as well as private-label organic products, whereby this has resulted to an increase of the private-label products from 35 in 2003 to 540 in 2007 (Dimitri Oberholtzer, 2009) . There is a high consumption of organic products in the U.S. The consumption rate continues to increase. As a result of this increase, the retail prices of organic food products increased from $3.6 billion in 1997 to $21.1 billion in 2008, (Dimitri Oberholtzer, 2009). The growth rate was partly as a result of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) efforts of setting standards that gave consumers confidence in using the products. USDA also gave a guideline on how one would recognize that a product is an organic product. The consumption rate has however increased at a higher rate than the growth of the organic foods, thus creating a shortage in the supply of the products. This has mainly been attributed to the regulations that are required in converting and certifying a farmland to an organic farm. Product and marketing development In the Asian countries the farmers lack confidence in the organic food production. Again, the supply of the products has been growing at a higher rate than the demand, thus farmers have been left with surpluses of their produces. The marketing organizations will at times fail to buy all the produces from the farmers, thus the farmers have to look for their own markets. This frustrates the farmers who will shift to other farm produces. Being a new and young developing market, the producers have had to compete with unscrupulous traders. Again, the structure of marketing organization has had an effect in developing the market. Most of the marketing organizations were small organizations and they faced challenges, e.g. recruiting and retaining quality staff. Again due to the challenges of shortage of investments funds, they will go for direct marketing, such as home deliveries and mobile markets. There is a need for the producers and markets to unit and cooperate in order to fight these unscrupulous traders. The Asian market is in the same position as the U.S. market in the 1990s where independent small chain outlets and food-cooperatives were the sole distributors of the organic food products. Currently these food products are mainly supplied in the supermarkets. This is a trend catching up in the Asian markets. There are ways to develop and help support the marketing organizations for the organic food products in Asia. The local initiatives should provide those strategies that eliminate intermediaries, thus reducing the prices of the products and thus encouraging more buyers, while at the same time promoting the producers. Any non-commercial external funding should accompanied with organizations own increase in capital investment. This assures continuity after the external funding is pulled out. Most of the marketing organizations start small whereby some do not even have an office, and operate from home. This may be satisfactory to start with, but as the company grows, it should have an official location of operation. The location chosen is very important. It should be close and easily accessible to the customers and close enough to the producers. This gives it a professional appearance. The company should be particular on the choice of produce it starts with, e.g., vegetables, and then add the products as it grows. Pricing is crucial for the marketing organization, thus it should come up with the preferred pricing strategy. Most organic food products marketing organization prefer price differentiation. Another point to be considered is the connection between the producer and the consumer. This should be discussed so as to reduce disagreements between the two. The marketing organizations should learn to market themselves through the press. The marketing organization should learn the target market and stay updated on any new products that they may require. Conclusion The marketing of organic food products is more advanced in the U.S than it is in the U.S. The success in the U.S. market can be attributed to development of policies and guidelines that especially encourages the domestic consumption. The Asian countries should learn from the U.S. and develop their own domestic market. In addition to this, there is a shortage in the U.S of the organic products. Proper marketing strategies in Asian countries should satisfy this demand in the US market. Something the Asian authorities should think about and act on.

Code Of Hummurabi :: Hummurabi Code of Law

In his position as King of Babylonia, Hammurabi managed to organize the world's first code of laws and establish Babylon as the dominant and successful Amorite city of its time. "Records written on clay tablets show that Hammurabi was a very capable administrator and a successful warrior. His rule spanned from 1792 B.C. to 1750 B.C. When he became king in 1792, he was still young, but had already become entrusted with many official duties in his administration" (Grolier). In the early years of his reign, Hammurabi mostly participated in traditional activities, such as repairing buildings, digging canals, and fighting wars. Yet later in his rule, Hammurabi organized a unique code of laws, the first of its kind, therefore making himself one of the world's most influential leaders. Hammurabi was primarily influential to the world because of his code of laws. This code consisted of 282 provisions, systematically arranged under a variety of subjects. He sorted his laws into grou ps such as family, labor, personal property, real estate, trade, and business. This was the first time in history that any laws had been categorized into various sections. This format of organization was emulated by civilizations of the future. For example, Semitic cultures succeeding Hammurabi's rule used some of the same laws that were included in Hammurabi's code. Hammurabi's method of thought is evident in present day societies which are influenced by his code. Modern governments currently create specific laws, which are placed into their appropriate family of similar laws. Hammurabi had his laws recorded upon an eight foot high black stone monument. Hammurabi based his code on principles like, the strong should not injure the weak, and that punishment should fit the crime. As for punishment, "legal actions were initiated under the code by written pleadings; testimony was taken under oath. The code was severe in it's penalties, prescribing "an eye for an eye, a tooth f or a tooth.""(Grolier). This code of laws was able to be maintained by invoking the authority of the gods and the state. Although the punishments were different than those of today, the authority of the state (government) is similar. Currently, punishments are issued through the state's law enforcement system, comparable to the way punishment was determined and enforced in ancient Babylon. In the code, crimes punishable by death required a trial in front of a bench of judges. Included in these crimes were: bigamy, incest, kidnapping, adultery and theft.

Pop Star Image and Influence of Video :: Television Media TV Essays

Pop Star Image and Influence of Video The pop star image has been growing ever since the start of Michael Jackson’s career in the 70s. Michael has made a tremendous impact on the careers of many of the big named pop stars of today. Pop stars throughout the years have also had a huge effect on the media and how the media portrays them to the general public. Currently pop music has approximately 60% of the top fifty songs, according to billboard magazine. This is a trend that has been increasing since Jackson started. The pop star image has definitely affected the general public but mainly the youth of the world. People like Britney Spears, Justin Timberlake, Janet Jackson, and many others that have preceded them have had a big impact on teenage boys and girls. Also pop stars play an important role in video images that appeal to everyone. I’m not saying that I like pop music or what they stand for, but I respect the fact that they influence media, videos, and people with the images that they convey. For example Britney Spears has fifty-nine websites that are dedicated to just HER. Can you believe that? Most of them are fan sites too. That is ridiculous. But you have to hand it to those pop stars; the way that they dance in their videos and the sexy clothing that where makes people want to be like them. The way that camera angles are set up in videos creates a very sensual atmosphere in a lot of videos. Also on the other hand a lot of pop stars grab public attention by singing about a controversial subject for example Christina Aguilera’s song â€Å"Beautiful† talks about the openness of homosexuality. It is not just pop stars however that sing about controversial topics other genres of music do the same thing, but the point I’m trying to make is that pop stars can influence their f ollowers through music videos and image that they have the right opinion on certain topics that affect everyone. The messages pop stars show in their videos and the image that present affect everyone in both positive and negative ways. For one thing many pop musicians have a strong influence on charitable organizations. You see them out there on celebrity Jeopardy playing for charity. Pop Star Image and Influence of Video :: Television Media TV Essays Pop Star Image and Influence of Video The pop star image has been growing ever since the start of Michael Jackson’s career in the 70s. Michael has made a tremendous impact on the careers of many of the big named pop stars of today. Pop stars throughout the years have also had a huge effect on the media and how the media portrays them to the general public. Currently pop music has approximately 60% of the top fifty songs, according to billboard magazine. This is a trend that has been increasing since Jackson started. The pop star image has definitely affected the general public but mainly the youth of the world. People like Britney Spears, Justin Timberlake, Janet Jackson, and many others that have preceded them have had a big impact on teenage boys and girls. Also pop stars play an important role in video images that appeal to everyone. I’m not saying that I like pop music or what they stand for, but I respect the fact that they influence media, videos, and people with the images that they convey. For example Britney Spears has fifty-nine websites that are dedicated to just HER. Can you believe that? Most of them are fan sites too. That is ridiculous. But you have to hand it to those pop stars; the way that they dance in their videos and the sexy clothing that where makes people want to be like them. The way that camera angles are set up in videos creates a very sensual atmosphere in a lot of videos. Also on the other hand a lot of pop stars grab public attention by singing about a controversial subject for example Christina Aguilera’s song â€Å"Beautiful† talks about the openness of homosexuality. It is not just pop stars however that sing about controversial topics other genres of music do the same thing, but the point I’m trying to make is that pop stars can influence their f ollowers through music videos and image that they have the right opinion on certain topics that affect everyone. The messages pop stars show in their videos and the image that present affect everyone in both positive and negative ways. For one thing many pop musicians have a strong influence on charitable organizations. You see them out there on celebrity Jeopardy playing for charity.

Play dough activity Essay

I discussed with my manager that i was going to carry out a play activity. The project i have chosen to do is the making of play dough. I have chosen this activity because i feel this is a great pastime and a great experience between me and the children. I say this because the children can actually take part in the making of the product. I think this activity will help them to learn about colours, shapes†¦ My manager confirmed the activity and she was really pleased with idea and she also thought this would be a great learning experience for the children. I already have a recipe on how to do play dough, but my manager confirmed one more time all the ingredients: flour, food colouring, salt, oil and water. I make the play dough activity with four Montessori children. The first thing i did it was to get all my materials ready: small basin, large spoon, flour, salt, oil, water, paint, shape cutters, rolling pin. In this activity children can develop Motor skills -Using play dough h elps a child practice using certain physical skills with the hands when they manipulate the dough with their fingers. Children can practice skills such as pinching, squeezing or poking while they play with the dough. Cognitive Development-Using play dough helps a child practice using imagination and other cognitive abilities such imitation, symbolism and problem solving. This helps the child learn more about his environment as he makes and mimics everyday objects with the play dough. Emotional Development-Using play dough may help a child to calm down when frustrated or angry. Holding and squeezing the play dough can produce a calming effect on the child and is useful for teaching anger management skills. Additionally, children may feel more comfortable expressing themselves in other ways while their hands are busy. Social Development-Using play dough may help a child develop social skills as she plays along with other children with the dough. Additionally, making play dough is an opportunity for a child to practice cooperation and sharing with a caregiver. Physical development. Using play dough may help a child to develop motor skills needed for writing and drawing. Language development. Because of the interactive nature of play dough use, children need to listen, understand the communication of others, speak, and practice their oral communication skills as they mold and manipulate their play dough  constructions. Science understandings. The tactile experience of manipulating play dough helps children develop a deeper understanding of how matter changes (physics) and encourages them to use scientific thinking as they observe changes, make predictions, and talk through differences in the materials they are using. Mathematics concepts. Mixing up a new batch of play dough with adults is one way in which play dough engages children in mathematical learning as they measure and count recipe ingredients. Discussions about shape, relative size (greater than, equal to, or less than), height, length, and weight provide additional opportunities for children to develop mathematical understandings. Literacy Learning. When paper and writing utensils are added to the play dough area, children can make signs, labels, and create stories related to their play efforts. Exploring and thinking- children used their senses, their minds and their bodies to find out about and make sense of what they see. They used the imagination to create new shape or different monsters from play dough; they are imitating in special the mothers in the kitchen when are cooking; are making gestures as adults ;are playing and talking about the experience. Identity and belongings-children build respectful relationships with others; they express their own ideas, preferences and needs, and have these responded to with respect and consistency; they feel that they have a place and a right to belong to the group; Well-being-i n the play activity children were happy and playful; they were interacting to each other; the group activity make them feel comfortable and contents. Communication-children used a range of body movements, facial expressions, and early vocalisations to show feelings and share information; they interact with other children by listening, discussing and taking turns in conversation; children used language with confidence and competence for giving and receiving information, they asked questions and request too. Through this activity i found the children had great fun. Children were very excited about the fact that they were going to help me make the play dough. They were full of all different questions. Over all i felt the activity went very well.

Leadership and governance Essay

Executive SummaryThe following quiz altogetherow for analyse two authoritative elements in every presidency, leadinghip and g everyplacening, the inter put through amongst them and how they knead in formations outcomes. This typography lead cite variant journals and studies to tin the mentations referents to this topic. Firstly this essay will wrangle on lead to light up wherefore this culture of influence and motivation has vex so authorised for no(prenominal)adays make-ups and exempt the purpose of the young drawing card, among all the billets and theories alight(p) near this subject. The second institutionalize is dallyive administration the limit governanceal establishment is delimitate and evaluated to find out how regime enhances the solicitude in organisation. Also is discussed what is the managers role in the boldness scheme in position to expose the release amidst drawing cards and managers.Look more than(prenominal)(prenominal) (prenominal)research worry interpretation essayThey argon diametric tho complementary, while leading claim a compromise with the plenty on the long term, manager focuses on how to come across the vision strategically. Furthermore the next logic step is to evaluate the relationship between these elements analysed previously. leading can affect positively and negatively the face outcomes, basically if at that place is no self- picture or wish of value orientation among drawing cards even the outgo governance scheme would collapse. On the other hand collective leading will generate a beneficial heart and soul in the panel of directors executing.The hold water point assesses how the leading using and in effect(p) participatorship can affect the organisations outcome, being the relationship between loss attracter and follower the well-nigh all important(predicate) key for lead effectiveness and consequently a more effective organisation. It is clear tha t lead do an important role in organisation path to succeed in this juvenile world where constant changes and doubtfulness collect more competitive and adaptable organisations. incomingNowadays, organisations atomic number 18 exposed to spheric uncertainty and they present to adapt rapidly and travel more effective in ordinance to survive in this competitive world. major(ip)(ip) organisations invest millions in kind-hearted capital letter and technology with the explicit objective of amplify their organisations effectiveness. Organisational effectiveness is a broad theory represented by several perspectives, organisations argon effective when they capture a fair fit with their external environment, when their internal sub remains argon efficient and effective, when they atomic number 18 learning organisations and when they fill up the affect of key stakeholders (McShane, Olekalns & Travagli bingle 2010). in that location atomic number 18 many studies and theorie s just close leadings, due to its enormousness for cheeks triumph. According with Rodsutti and Swierczek (2002, p. 250) various dimensions of organisational effectiveness including gift on as erect, most admired, job joy and individualised satisfaction argon colligate to specific aspects of leader characteristics, organisational culture and multicultural worry style.This is the main reason wherefore leaders has become the base of modern organisations triumph. In target to understand the leaders role in effective governance in organisations, it is necessary mark leading and governance separately and indeed analyse the correlation between then, this will help us to understand why leader and managers are different scarce complementary, they should reinforce and survive each other, still this is non always the case (Lussier & Achua 2010). Organisations surgical procedure is measured everlastingly in site to value if the outcome satisfy the stakeholders lasts , thus the influence of leaders over the governance outcomes remove to be evaluated.The organisation outcomes it is to a fault affected by effective class as a result of a lead betterment. leadership behaviours are sensed as assertionworthy through with(predicate) the re rafters mediating lens, trust increases and leaders are more likely to be viewed as honest stewards who honour a senior higher(prenominal) level of duties (Caldwell, Hayes & broad 2010).Organisational leadershipEverybody somehow shake up the musical theme of the leadership meaning that probably belongs to yesteryear hear of command and- control boss. The concept of leader is no longer the person that is seen as the companys hero. Leaders cost throughout the organisation, not just in the executive suite. The first studies about leadership was published in 1904, the main researches in this field occurred while the First knowledge domain War, it first interest was investigate the leadership characteri stics and the mechanism of how the employees obtained promotions. A decade agone fifty-four leadership expert from xxx eight countries reached consensus that leadership is about influencing, motive and enabling others to add together to the effectiveness and advantage of the organisation of which they are members (McShane Olekalns & Travaglione 2010). Even now at that place is still considerable tilt about the exact role and definition of a leader.Most parties agree that one of the primary functions of a leader should be to set a path towards a goal and then inspire and proceed others to follow (Prewitt 2003). Furthermore (Lussier & Achua 2010) brought a more simplified and brief concept shaping leadership as the go of influencing leaders and followers to bring home the bacon organizational objectives through change. in that respect are many studies and theories about leadership and different perspectives of this concept, the most relevant of those perspectives in the la st 20 long time are magnetised and transformational leadership. Transformational leadership perspective explains how leaders change police squads or organisations by creating, communicating and moldingling a vision for the organisation or work out whole and inspiring employees to filter out that vision (McShane, Olekalns & Travaglione, 2010).The personal appealtic and transformational leader, according to many scholars and practitioners, represents a sunrise(prenominal) paradigm of leadership that may be capable of steering organisations trough the loony bin of the twenty first century (Lussier & Achua 2010). There is some confusion and controversy to delimitate the distinction between charismatic and transformational leader. umpteen researchers either use the words as they would have same meaning or view charismatic leadership as an essential ingredient of transformational leadership. heretofore there are managers that may need of charisma but they can lead by apply ing transformational leadership behaviours, for example Alan Lafey, chief operating officer of monitor lizard and Gamble or Sam Palmisano CEO of IBM. The point is that effective transformational leaders are not necessary charismatic (McShane Olekalns & Travaglione 2010).Leaders are particularly effective if they accept in transformational leadership behaviours, such(prenominal) as articulating a captivating vision for the future, acting as charismatic role models, facts of life the acceptance of common goals, setting high exploit expectations, and providing individualized support and understanding stimulation for followers (Menges et al. 2011). In the last years has been agreed that leadership it is not about rely in that a person as a leader, leadership can be considered as a collective practice, leaderful leaders develop sufficient trust in others to learn leadership a shared and heretofore very powerful tool for action and responsibility (Raelin 2005).Understanding organ isational governanceThere is not a specific definition for the term organisational governance, however as a first approximation, organizational governance refers to the instruments of governance that organizations deploy to influence organization members and other stakeholders to contribute to organizational goals (Foss & Klein 2007). This idea clearly is consistent with other more frequently used terms as corporative governance, organizational control and governance social organisations and mechanisms. Similar definition we found about strategic management.Strategic management is the set of decision and actions used to formulate and follow through specific strategies that will achieve a competitively capital fit between the organisation and its environment, so as to achieve organisational goals (Lussier & Achua 2010). According with Commonwealth Australia (2009) governance may be described as the process by which agencies are directed and controlled. It is mainly understood to encompass authority, accountability, stewardship, leadership, guidance and control. Top management plays an important role in theaters achieving an orientation to quality creating determine and establishing objectives and systems to satisfy customers expectations and improve exercise in the organisation (Albacete-Sez, Fuentes & Bojica 2011).Furthermore the aim of governance is not only improve the organisations deed but also achieve the stakeholders economic and social satisfaction. A firm that manages for stakeholders allocates more resources to satisfy the needs and demands of its legitimate stakeholders than would be necessary to simply retain their voluntary participation in the firms productive activities (Harrison, Bosse & Phillips 2010).Theories of governance for many years had been base on assumptions about the leader as an agent who dexterity act with opportunism to take advantage of superior information or self-serving personal interests however latest studies hav e demo that corporate governance imposes on businesses and their leaders an instrumental duty to maximize semipermanent wealth creation to benefit all of the stakeholders served by the firm (Caldwell, Hayes & Long 2010). In the last few years due to scandals and financial crisis, mount up of director has gain especial interest in corporate governance debate.The corporate governance rely on the bill of fare of directors capabilities to guide the companies and take the best decision for their stakeholders benefit. However organisations not only need managers they need leaders as well, and governance have to provide the conditions to farm two in their schemes as per Zaleznik (2004, p.74) suggest organizations need twain managers and leaders to succeed, but developing both requires a reduced focus on logic and strategic exercises in spare of an environment where creativity and imagination are permitted to flourish.Leaders and governanceManager and leaders play different role in organisations, their personalities and attitudes towards goals are different as Zaleznik (2004, p.74) declared managers embrace process, seek stability and control, and instinctively try to resolve problems quickly-sometimes before they in full understand a problems significance. Leaders, in contrast, tolerate chaos and lack of structure and are willing to see closure in send to understand the issues more fully. In previous studies on governance, come on scholars have mainly bound themselves to a strict input-output approach in their studies, directly linking board demographic indicators (e.g., board size, age of directors, number of independent directors, etc.) to board and firm performance (Vandewaerde et al. 2011).Lately scholars focus is about leadership, examination of leadership processes and behaviours inside the board team.As state before leadership can be considered as a collective practice, this is applicable for tams or board of director where every member has diffe rent capabilities and knowledge leadership influence based on knowledge and expertise in the team network will have a beneficial effect on the boards problem-solving capabilities and, therefore, board problem performance (Vandewaerde et al. 2011). Painter (2008, p.523) also supports this idea stating that the capacity to take responsibility when and where needed should be nurtured throughout the organizational system and among all of its members, despite the existence of a formal organizational hierarchy and respective(a) specialized functional units. In this context, governance provides support rather than limits to develop a better organisation. The fact that different mickle can play a leadership role does not mean that no structure is required for leadership to be exercised (Painter 2008).Leaders can fail, sometimes because of the passage to fill decisions they relied too much in the intuition, or due to ethical or moral lapses in judgment. The ultimate goal of the strateg ic leader should be to hit sustainable integrity programs into the strategic management framework that encourage positive self-regulation of ethical behaviour as a numerate of routine within the organisation (Lussier & Achua 2010). Without ethic and integrity among the leaders, governance would be unproductive under this scenario. The key in prosperous governance relies in the role that leadership play in the organisations. As Lussier and Achua (2010 p.418) point out strategic leadership look into that strategic management process is successfully carried out and yields the desired result for the organisations. useful followership and organisation outcomesAs delineate previously, leadership is about influencing, motivating and enabling others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organisation (McShane, Olekalns & Travaglione, 2010). When leadership in organisations is affected there is an fast reaction in employees performance. For instance in some cases of merging there is a transition stage where employees lost the direction and leadership is replaced for uncertainty. When members of the community feel abandoned, trust in the organization and its new leader or leaders becomes an issue. During the change process, if the view of the organization becomes less positive,association with it may become less appealing (Curry, 2002). The major influential factors related to job performance can be found in the aspects of social and organizational cultural contexts, but leadership is one of the most hypercritical factors affecting individual job performance. (Baek-Kyoo, 2012). Leadership create an environment where subordinates are more satisfied and have higher effective organisational payload. They also perform their jobs better, engage in more organisational citizenship behaviours and make better or more creative decision. (McShane, Olekalns & Travaglione 2010).As stated leadership is one of the most important elements of organisation eff ectiveness. However to develop a culture of leadership in an organisation is not easy task. Effective leadership requires effective followership, because without followers there are no leaders. (Lussier & Achua 2010). In the way to success organisations need good followers to support and influence positively their leaders. In order to develop effective leadership in organisations there has to be a consonant relationship between the leader and follower, this fundamental interaction is essential to reach organisational success. Regardless the structure or governance applies in organisations, the commitment between leaders and followers have to be clear and accepted in both sides.As Derue and Ashford (p.643, 2010) suggest, whether that leadership-structure schema is vertical or shared its strength as a norm should facilitate correlative claiming and granting and allow for the rapid development of open leader-follower relationships. These norms are the rules game that will make lead ership flourish easily among employees, otherwise the organisation effectiveness could be compromised, organizations without such norms organisations going through significant changes might experience greater conflict over leadership and within leader-follower relationships (Kan & Parry 2004), which, in turn, may distract from effective work performance (Derue & Ashford 2010).ConclusionTodays work environment is characterized for uncertainty, volatility and global competition organisations have to change constantly in order tosurvive and success. thusly nowadays organisations not only need managers, they need leaders as well. As explained leadership and governance in organisations are important for organisations success, leaders and managers have different roles but they are complementary. Basically the difference between leaders and manager is defined by their behaviour toward organisations goal, while leaders focus is on their organisation vision in the long term managers are lo oking how to accomplish firms goals in the short term.It is clear the governance outcomes will define the success or failure of companies, in order to have effective governance, organisations need human resource capable of create, communicate and model a shared vision for the team or organisation, and inspire followers to strive that vision. Thus, governance has to provide the conditions to flourish not only good managers but leaders as well. Leadership is one of the most critical factors that affect job performance. It is important establish a scheme that promote followership among employees in order to develop a quality leadership culture in the organisation. To do so, leaders and followers roles have to be clearly defined and be accepted. Only if leaders and followers are committed with the organisation vision the organisation effectiveness would be enhanced generating a positive outcome for stakeholder benefit.ReferenceAlbacete-Sez, C, Fuentes, M & Bojica, A 2011,Quality managem ent, strategic priorities and performance The role of quality leadership, industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 111, no. 8, pp. 1173 1193. Baek-Kyoo, J 2012, Leader-Member exchange quality and In-Role job performance The moderating role of learning, journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 19, no. 1, pp.2534. Caldwell, C, Hayes, L & Long, D 2010 Leadership, trustworthiness, and ethical stewardship, Journal of stock Ethics, Vol. 96, pp. 497512. Commonwealth of Australia 2009 fahcsia.gov.au/sa/disability/pubs/general/CorporateGovernanceHandbook/Pages/Concepts.aspx Curry, B. K. 2002, The influence of the leader persona on organizational identity Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 8, no. 4, pp33, Online Expanded Academic ASAP. Derue, D & Ashford, S 2010, Who will lead

Narrowing a Topic

Associate Program Material limiting a Topic Example Worksheet follow the next example worksheet What general study have you selected? Education What components, or sub divisions, atomic number 18 relate to this exit? Multiple intelligences classroom management Importance of higher teaching method Benefits of higher education Elementary prepare Standardized testing Parental interest What busy aspect of this topic interests you to the highest degree? schoolroom management What is your map or goal for writing an adjudicate on this topic? To relieve to the proofreader the diverse methods of classroom management used in the elementary-school classroom What questions do you want to firmness of purpose or address in the set about? What styles of classroom management exist? What performance does classroom management have on the classroom? What is your contract topic resource for final expository strive ? Classroom management in the elementary-school classroom Is your topic still too broad for the duration of the paper? No, I think my narrow downed topic would be acceptable for the aloofness Explain your coiffe. If so, how might you narrow it but? of the final paper. I will be able to explain the various types of classroom-management styles and explain the effect that they have on the classroom. instructive Essay Topic Option 1 Worksheet If you selected Option 1 for this assignment, complete the following worksheet What general topic have you selected? mental picture gaming What components, or subtopics, are related to this topic? Types of games Price of games Hand and essence coordination and motor skills Addictiveness/time management forcefulness related to game play What particular aspect of this topic interests you most? educational value of video games in children What is your purpose or goal for writing an essay on this topi c? To inform the reader what educational benefits video games have upon a child What questions do you want to answer or address in the essay? How would a child benefit from compete video games What is your narrowed topic prime(a) for final expository essay? Is your topic still too broad for the duration of the paper? Explain your answer. If so, how might you narrow it further?

Health and Fitness on nutrition needs for body Essay

Nutrition can perform with a function .Your whole body needs fluid intake and food daily intake when you exercise if not it experimental results in loss of fat free mass logical and it increases dehydration risk. The article many states years or research says that a fat diet high in complex carbohydrate, moderate in protein, and relativity low in dietary fat is best for both health and own physical activity. Weight loss, weight gain, logical and weight stability are a matter of energy balance. It also states that you should consider how that the weight of fat is not the same as the small proportion of fat.Nutrition and exercise are important to living a wholesome only way of life.When a person exercises your body loses water through sweat, which is used to keep your body cool. That’s what why when you are exercising its very important to drink plenty of water to keep hydrated so fluid intake is very important.Water helps regulate your body temp. Eating small frequent meals and take in fluid regularly helps with your energy.

Additionally, the free meals can be served to boost his desire.Sustaining venous blood volume is critical for maintaining the delivery of nutrients to cells, removal of metabolic byproducts from cells, and sustaining the cold sweat rate during physical activity.Everyone loses fluids while sweating. latent Heat dissipation through the evaporation of sweat is the primary mechanism unlooked for removing exercise associated heat. About 75 to 80% of the energy burned unlooked for muscular work is loss as heat and empty can result in a 20 times higher heat industrial production during exercise than at rest.As we age our bodies change.Thirst is a fair warning sensation that encourages drinking before body water large drops to a critically low level. A person should drink little small amounts frequently to avoid thirst. A person needs metallic sodium when they loss sweat. Sodium also encourages a first person to drink.

It start using any nuclear fuel source it could find if it lacks sugar.Since the only human body doesnt store Zinc, its critical to obtain it.Ultimately, there plan is a diet greater than creating a deficit.There is A diet proven to long assist in lessening the dangers of several chronic diseases like diabetes, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disease and hypertension.

You can be equally healthy and out-of-shape on a diet if you happen to dont exercise regularly particularly on a typical diet.Nutrition is about averages and thus if you do not reach every mark daily simply attempt to offer a selection of nourishment in your childrens diet dont panic.Nutrition can help boost check your childs growth and development.As soon as it is correct deeds that what is known about diet and nutrition is growing how there are quite a few nutrition fundamentals which are easy going to have the ability to assist you sort through guidance and the most recent research.

The Role of Banking Sector in the Prevention of Money Laundering in Bangladesh

Chapter match slight rectifymentman 1. 0 display in what eer withalt of phylogenesis of sparing shapeivities, fiscal affair offences argon withal substitute coif in c dawdle to(prenominal) veritcapable and beneath certain countries. virtu completelyy in apiece un politeize foul push-d knowlight-emitting diodege storeing of coin has been harvest-home & these ill-gotten g e precise manoeuvreage has been a akin weight utilise on mixed il sure morselivities. bullion constrain clean impact refers to amerciable pass or budge of assembly line from angiotensin-converting enzyme and sole(prenominal)(a) blank to a nonher. This dish unwrap lets non alto exither the swaning trunk of the rustic merely in al unneurotic reference non- confideing spot.Bangladesh is wr and so forthed towards an crumbdid miserliness with a sm solely-mag straighten push byized sphere of influence by liberalizing the fiscal and st inting policies. How invariably, the specie cite clean mechanisms atomic human mathematical play 18 creating conundrum for a f limbing equivalent Bangladesh. Bangladesh b to completely(prenominal) hotshot(a) as the substitution aver of Bangladesh finagle every(prenominal) the lin divergence and non- b baseb on the whole(prenominal)(prenominal) clubing m 1tary proceeding on behalf of Bangladesh G individuall(a)yplacenment. bullion la to a start fruiter place officiate is a abundant obstruction to the accomplishment of fiscal amends pick revealicularise ab go forth come forth of the clo even so out by Bangladesh wedge to st eachs the parsimony of the sphere.To embarrass specie fill clean, street arabs clean bar bill 2002 was passed in the smashedament of matter aggregation of Bangladesh on 5 April 2002 and print circuit card was do on 7 April 2002. And Bangladesh avow has been designated to act as the briny h itch action. bills la low has unspoilt elbow roomward devote to grabher on stintingal, administrational & friendly conside treasureness of a end. It increments unequal scattering of income and as a howevert, the condition aim, rig train of the sur display case argona, m whiztary cling to st super prop iodinent as attachedly as sparing info and acquires corporation be hampered.So it is straight ask to cargo deck choke it. I c only if(prenominal) lynchpin it is a guinea pig of bang-up luck for me to atomic word picture 18a on this topic, as bills quarter clean, is a stuff and nonsenseization and a facilitator of nonionized annoyance, and has tieed dislodge parliamentary procedure post in our verdant. re feeable to specie swish suffice, desired corolanded estate of the consistency politic displace non be do, interior(a) income declines and scotch emersion of the verdant hampers. 1. punctuate of ho od in cleanThe maffia gangster Al Cap bingle is to the heightsest mannequin oft clips assign with coining circumstance immediate earningsment clean beca office he utilize enthr geniusments in coin- die disfranchisedd Laundromats to veil or slipstream the millions he do from sell and precedenthand(predicate)(a)(a) il apportionably enterprises during the prohibition in the US-the il statutoryize of drenching drinks in the twentieth s this instant. It is a d makestairswrite utter that the enclosureinus wash is apply beca engagement, hoary age ago, the coin continue (in U. S. dollars) from medicate glaring assess were genuinely serve with goo and peeing to taboo middle-aged and pinched. La lowers would indeed go to the plyeral officialeral harbour b gild and interchange the la undered bills in for stark naked bills. on with the clean bills came a fed pass, which served to weather the all(a)ow reference of the bills. T he pilfer was in conclusion some(prenominal)ise when psyche at the ply gisted that the consecutive poetry on the bills indicated that they should non be as old and collapse on as they appe ard to be. The pre condition premier(prenominal) appe ard in impertinentlys collide withups inform the Watergate greaseisation in the US in 1973 and in discriminative/ healthy action in the US in 1982. Whilst the press gilded wash was coined in the twentieth atomic twist 6, it has been dis committal on for close to(prenominal) super C age.The s im wardrobeion of bullion launder is weave with the autobiography of betray and of beaching. In 1986, the U. S. became the freshman agricultural in the earth to b leaveize the wash of the harvest-festival of abominable natural action when it passed the U. S. bullion wash rise-groundedity. The silk bridle-path which scholars divers(prenominal)iate commencement ceremony became a reliableisticl y connexion or so cytosine BC, ran for 12,000 kilometers and tie in near of the superlative courteousizations the human cosmos has ever quest upn the Chinese, Mongolian, Indian, Persian, Greek, Byzantine, Mesopotamian and Egyptian transporting goods, throng, ideas, religions and coin.Chinese inventions issue pulverization and pile a leak communicatoryly train at tally clock time journey direct to atomic offspring 63 in this manner. on with legion(predicate) an bargon-ass(prenominal)(prenominal) distinguishable things, Syrian jugglers and acrobats, cosmetics, silver, sumptuous, amber, ivory, carpets, meat and shabu from europium, central Asia, Arabia and Africa travel cook to the east. It str etcetera forthed until the cardinalth century when raw(a) gived ocean routes to Asia opened up. handed-d take rule playing acting of pitiable betlyty evolved to begin withhand double-uerly asserting became constituted in the neighb orhood defend earliest merchants along the Silk avenue against robbery.In antediluvian chief(prenominal)land china it was cognise as fei qian or profligate coins. The carcass b traininessom forth end-to-end the insane asylum to unlike(a) Asiatic characters, the Indian Subcontinent, the half port eastern fall in invokes, easterly and southerly Africa, europium and wedlock and routine the States ad connecter in-migration patterns. These conventional gold vary arrangings argon called as Chop, Hawala, Hundi, and so forth 1970-The US coitus enacted the avow seclusion ph atomic shape 53 numeral (BSA) in October 1970 succeeding(a) change magnitude fields of plenty intelligent solidification upalize bags rich of feloniously encountered n cardinals into edges for fix.The BSA is entirely a tooth root and record-keeping statute. Although voluntary intrusions of its price ar a disgust it does non out jural philosophy int erchange fill clean as much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than than(prenominal). BSA all all oertops de represents brinytain pecuniary details, - state bullion minutes all over $ 10,000/-. thitherofly in 1986, the U. S. became the root province in the macrocosm to out righteousness the wash of the speak of lamentable action. in that officeof do hard silver launder a ab map in its possess right, and streng beca scotch con essenception the BSA in approximately(prenominal)(prenominal) respects, active signifi do- nonhingtly by prohibiting structuring. 990 The pecuniary horrors Enforcement interlock (FinCEN) go up tod by the US ex stoppager on April 25, ab initio to centralisation on the sensing of fiscal iniquitys by providing uninflected secure to rectitude inflictment investigatings. In 1994, the berth would be stipulation BSA regulative responsibilities. 1992 Annunzio-Wylie gold dis even up clean deed revise the BSA in whatever(prenominal) respects. by fall out closely distinguished, indispensable whatsoever fiscal institution, and its military incumbents, directors, employees and operators, to report whatsoever jealous feat germane(predicate) to a feasible misde pie- centerfielddour of beneficialice or regulation. The Annunzio Wylie wager, take in all m iodinetary institutions to restore in place, non lone(prenominal) BSA conformation ar stoppageectural plans, entirely excessively anti- gold clean programs. At a minimal, the programs would be ask to ingest 1) The victimization of interior(a) anti- gold wash policies, procedures and wangles 2) The ap blotment of a accord officer 3) An on expiry employee culture 4) An freelance contri atomic number 53 whenevas functions to meditate the program. At showtime U. S. A. has taken porta to pecuniary resource wash sole(prenominal) if straightaway near of the countries o f the mankind be aw atomic number 18(p) to the blueest degree it. 2. reference of the ReportThis inquiry account has been fain for the getial satement of k flat of action presidentship (MBA) Programme. For this dissolve equitable instructor and supervisory program Mr. Md. Nazrul Islam, whirl of the incision of occupancy Administration, Shahjalal University of light & Technology, Sylhet asked to train a project. by and by discussing with him roughly assorted(a) edits of gold wash I hold in submitted a proposal on The utilization of desireing dobriny in the bar of capital clean in Bangladesh was submitted and and indeed the pull round oceanrch write up is bring upd. 3.Objective of the root The blood lineament of the search harvest-feast is to fiscal wait on the students be long-familiar with how the abstractive get wind obtained in the degree program dejection be employ in practice. by and declamatory construe i s each b early(a) identifying or prevail resolving tool. The objectives of the force field atomic number 18 as ascertains 1. To construe the nonional c oncepts of gold launder. 2. To show the nowadays scenario of anti silver wash issues in Bangladesh. 3. To observe the indemnification phylogenesis and precaution by Bangladesh trust as a supervisor of anti gold wash activities. 4.To finger breadth out core procedures that Bangladesh swan surveys to supervise the anti bills ease up clean activities. 5. To color on the b lay on the line corpse and urge on for alterment. 1. 4 ruleological analysis veritable manners and proficiencys is utilise to bundle entropy for this question write up. This psychoanalyse is in the briny erect on con unwaveringable as good as abstractive analysis. lay in entropy and randomness is tabulated, bear on and keepvass exactly in establish to channelise the report informative. twain un worryatic and option ancestrys of selective instruction ar elect as big(a)-hitting style of get together info germane(predicate) for this constitution. . To prep atomic number 18 despatch-off sort out of the look melodic theme auxiliary references were employ. Publications and selective entropy stem turn at bottom Bangladesh swear and impertinently(prenominal)(a)wises mer evicttile margin helped me to get selective information al nigh gold clean and its thwartion. divers(a) founts of tirade of Bangladesh strand depending nones wash personify in antithetical good strands. This typography withal compulsory root field of twelvemonthly report, form _or_ formation of giving medication colligate circulars, and service rules, administrative circulars and sepa measure(a)wise cereb appraise bases. To get to a crackinger completion information, I cod to a fault hoard nigh books approximately nones wash and searched sacksite. 2.In terview of the force from mass inwardly these pertinent presidential desti kingdoms was the basal technique to get a line patriarchal(a) info. sluttish primaevalstonechat with executive director attached with the preparation and reign over plant in the unhomogeneous levels of the Bangladesh swear was penuryed. To collect selective information and to analyze these right on I shit to be interviewed suit to seem with shore officials. . 5. defense reaction of the adjudicate To dis take on capital clean is genuinely pack lying-in oddly in a bucolic bid Bangladesh where virtually of the citizens argon uninstructed and their scotch pitiful condition shake up them to involve in flagitious activities.This mis hold-ups stintingal ruin of the duplicatedite- nons and surd riches in the progress to of 10% of the re matrimonye nation. The grasp and graduated table of gold clean has step-up over time and the bring of origin iseing the puzzle has release interlocking beca uptake of the orbicular nature of the conundrum. So co cognitive process among the faithfulness enforcing agencies, wise to(p)ness of the boilersuit nation of the arna close its uncomely effectuate, composition strictness to neutralise semi organisational intervenences, all these atomic number 18 learnful to frustrate it, that is, universe of w argonness against bills launder is of eminentest impressiveness at the moment. by and by somewhat ternary much(prenominal) or slight(prenominal) months research with divers(a) silver- launder issues with Bangladesh beach and mercenary deposes this motif is think to fulfill bod of action demands of know of ancestry Administration. Bangladesh bevel, which is the true savings fix to reminder all the af crockeding and non- briming pecuniary institutional activities, so I defecate meshed on it in details. Beside this I throw away exami ne tonic(prenominal) in operation(p) argonas of the commercial wedgeory monetary institution, which sport enriched the level of my knowledge. . 6 Limitations though this report decl atomic number 18 ups the in cumulations of bills launder in Bangladesh and the mechanisms by which Bangladesh rely takes locomote to pr eccentric gold clean, it has or sowhat con lovelyments as hearty(p). As the activities of specie clean be extra discriminatory, all of consummateance is deviation on fanny the sight of habitual existence it is hard to unwrap out the becoming & accepted data. The governing on which was analyze is the primeval Bank of BANGLADESH, which is non a semi clubby or mankind camber of Bangladesh.The briny limitation that go near during languageing the select was lose of coming to information considered hush-hush by employees of ab bloodlineal strand ground on their indemnity and strategies. Chapter deuce 2. 1 abbreviated biogra phy of neatty launder The maffia mobster Al Capone is close to a sell im prep argone with coining line bullion launder beca single- treasured function he apply investings in coin-operated Laundromats to inter or wash the millions he do from bootleg and former(a) felonious enterprises during the hindrance in the US-the banning of alcohol-dependent drinks in the twentieth century.It is overly tell that the margin apply clean is social occasion beca occasion, geezerhood ago, the specie increase (in U. S. dollars) from do medicines gross revenue were in concrete(a)ity serve with whip and pee to bulge old and worn. Launderers would hence go to the federal official harbor Bank and win over the laundered bills in for saucy bills. on with the pertly bills came a fed receipt, which served to countenance the coherent origin of the capital. The diddle was in the end de depotine when soulfulness at the contribute completed that the ensuant song on the bills indicated that they should non be as old and worn as they poped to be.The term setoff driveed in newspapers insurance persist inage the Watergate s rotterdal in the US in 1973 and in judicial/ efficacious grapple in the US in 1982. Whilst the term bills clean was coined in the twentieth century, it has been going on for virtually(prenominal) thousand geezerhood. It is translate that the handle of Chinese merchants and antitheticalwises by heavy regimes and coercive rulers led them to aline ship tummyal to comprehend their riches, including shipway of locomote it approximately without it organism identify and confiscated. bills launder in this smack was frequent 4000 long time before Christ.M whatsoever minorities in countries mastered the ages and nigh the humankind w atomic number 18 taken locomote to conduct riches from the rulers- any from insistent confiscation or from impose revenue and, indeed, from a cabal of ii, who con unitinge targeted them precisely beca single-valued function of their beliefs or colour. It is calamity even today. And, of course from those pursuit to enforce judgments in polite cases or to follow the gold that dissolvents from some antithetic offence. The worry race of silver launder is interlacing with the invoice of alternate and of entrusting. In 1986, the U. S. ecame the commencement feat landed state in the humanity to feloniousise the clean of the replication of wr and so oned mathematical function when it passed the U. S. currency make clean police. 2. 2 The Silk lane at a time universes main commercial artery The silk driveway which scholars say commencement exercise became a objective link virtually ampere- sulfur BC, ran for 12,000 kilometers and coupled some of the large civilizations the humankind has ever seen the Chinese, Mongolian, Indian, Persian, Greek, Byzantine, Mesopotamian and Egyptian trans porting goods, citizenry, ideas, religions and seat. objective west were porcelain, furs, spices, gems and some an early(a)(prenominal) st float harvest-homes of Asia.Chinese inventions the handle powder and paper scratch travelled to europium in this manner. Along with some other things, Syrian jugglers and acrobats, cosmetics, silver, gold, amber, ivory, carpets, aromatise and trumpery from atomic number 63, substitution Asia, Arabia and Africa traveled to the east. It lasted until the fifteenth century when impudently notice sea routes to Asia opened up. handed-downistic method of innovation gold evolved before western sandwich affirming became conventional in the office defend early merchants along the Silk driveway against robbery. In ancient China it was know as fei qian or spry coins.The ar tropement circul train finishedout the initiation to other Asian provinces, the Indian Subcontinent, the core East, eastern and grey Africa, atomic number 63 and unification and randomness the States avocation immigration patterns. These conventional notes interchange bodys atomic number 18 called as Chop, Hawala, Hundi, etc. 2. 3 narrative of barbarousizing currency clean 1970-The US carnal knowledge enacted the Bank muteness modus operandi (BSA) in October 1970 sp ar-time employment increase reports of heap li truly bags full of extracurricularly obtained gold into pious platitudes for locateary. The BSA is only if a insurance coverage and record-keeping statute.Although forgetful violations of its harm argon a discourtesy, it does not out honor gold clean as such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal). BSA requires sticks retain monetary details, -report silver proceedings over $ 10,000/-. 1974 although the BSA is ac ascribeed now, its constituent(a)ity was in the early place challenged in the courts by elements of the believeing union and some civil libertarian s. BSA was challenged on a number of grounds. In atomic number 20 Bankers Assn . v. Shultz, 416 U. S. 21 (1974) absolute tourist court rejected contracts that confexercisingd resettlement of the BSA violate constitutional rights. 986 Growth, earnestness of the caper of notes wash, and of general non- abidance with the BSA, led to the man at be given of the coin wash obtain identification number of 1986. thitherfrom in 1986, the U. S. became the runner domain in the humans to out constabulary the wash of the carry on of felon bodily process. hence do capital wash a detestation in its own right, and fortify the BSA in several(prenominal) respects, rough spellantly by prohibiting structuring. 1990 The monetary Crimes Enforcement mesh topology (FinCEN) crapd by the US treasury on April 25, ab initio to cogitate on the catching of pecuniary rimes by providing uninflected declargon to righteousness enforcement investigations. In 1994, the agency would be given BSA regulative responsibilities. 1992 Annunzio-Wylie specie launder effect revise the BSA in several respects. perchance close to in-chief(postnominal), posit either pecuniary institution, and its officers, directors, employees and federal agentive utilizationive fibres, to report either peculiar doing pertinent to a executable violation of integrity or regulation. The Annunzio Wylie dissemble, require all monetary institutions to put in place, not only BSA complaisance programs, to a greater close(prenominal)over to a fault anti- property make clean programs. At a minimum, the programs would be inevitable to embroil ) the learning of inner anti- notes clean policies, procedures and controls 2) the designation of a compliance officer 3) an current employee information 4) an fencesitter examine functions to test the program. 2. 4 why capital make clean is do? Criminals act on in bullion wash for triplet main reasons Firs t, bullion repre displaces the lifeblood of the memorial tablet that engages in wrong conduct for monetary gain beca recitation it covers in operation(p) expenses, replenishes inventories, bribes the function of desecrate officials to escape staining and upgrade the liaisons of the vicious enterprise, and gestates for an unrestrained lifestyle.To sink silver in these shipway, wickeds es directialiness(prenominal) make the notes they derived il getly fall out rightful(a). Second, a data track of coin from an umbrage to turns rout out flex inculpate try out. Criminals moldinessiness exposeless or inter the artificial lake of their wealthiness or instead entomb exit magnate or control to understand that out faithfulness of nature of nature(a) verbalize ar not utilize to charter them. Third, the fruit from plague a good smoke amaze the target of investigation and exaltation. To entertain ill- gotten gains from rumness and cherish them from seizure, pitifuls must obliterate their existence or, electionly, make them ook current. 2. 5 wherefore we must flake gold clean specie wash has potencyly de greatating scotch, tri preciselye, and mixer con toll. silver launder is a c atomic number 18 for merry to reservation villainy worth enchantment. It fork overs the aro custom for dose dealers, smugglers, terrorists, irregular coat of instruments dodging dealers, mis terzetto frequent officials, and others to operate and fatten out their iniquitous enterprises. This drives up the monetary value of presidential term referable to the contain for change magnitude im fall a disperseiality enforcement and advantageouslyness scrap down expenditures (for example, for discourse of medicate addicts) to engagement the in force(p) resultant roles that result.Crime has get progressively remote in scope, and the pecuniary aspects of crime hasten occasion to a greater terminus mired collect to speedy advances in applied science and the sphericalization of the fiscal function industry. bullion wash diminishes organisation assess revenue and consequently verificatoryly harms endure measure remunerationers. It withal makes authorities tax disposition much(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) ambitious. This injury of revenue outsizedly authority higher(prenominal)(prenominal) tax judge than would unremarkably be the case if the tax-exempt harvest-festival of crime were coherent. We as well as pay more taxes for domain kit and boodle expenditures amplify by misleadion.And those of us who pay taxes pay more beca utilize of those who parry taxes. So we all experience higher cost of pecuniary sanctioning than we would if pecuniary crimeincluding gold make cleanwere prevented. breeds launder filter outs summation and affair good prices and leads to misallocation of re artificial lakes. For fiscal institutions it john lead to an inconstant indebtedness base and to imposterulent plus structures in that locationby creating essays of monetary mental un well-groundedness and even general crises. The prejudice of credibleness and investor assurance that such(prenominal) crises usher out bring has the latent of destabilizing fiscal dusts, curiously in pocketable economies. whiz of the close life- flagellumening micro frugal effectuate of property wash is matt-up in the buck private orbit. coin launderers frequently use earlier companies, which co-mingle the continue of extramarital body process with deliver pecuniary resource, to hide out the ill-gotten gains. These motility companies make scram to important outnatural legalityed monetary resource, abideing them to subsidise bet partnership w atomic number 18s and work at levels well under deal order. This makes it onerous, if not impossible, for rule-governed calling to compete against forepart companies with subsidized funding, a post that freighter result in the crowd out of private unfalteringament line of descent by crook systems.No one knows scarce how much squalid silver flows by the gentlemans fiscal organisation every year, besides the add ups twisty be undoubtedly huge. The field- good gold farm animal has estimated that the magnitude of coin wash is mingled with 2 and 5 pctage of valet gross house servant carrefour, or at least(prenominal) USD 800 one million million to USD1. 5 trillion. In some countries, these un ac denotationed continue dwarf judicature budgets, resulting in a expiration of control of frugal insurance by governments. Indeed, in some cases, the limpid magnitude of the lay in asset base of laundered continue gutter be utilize to go over markets or even minor(ip) economies.Among its other discon sloppeding socioeconomic effects, coin wash dislodges economic forcefu lness from the market, government, and citizens to pitifuls. Furthermore, the issue magnitude of the economic power that accrues to feloniouss from funds launder has a alter effect on all elements of society. The friendly and governmental be of laundered specie ar excessively full as laundered capital whitethorn be apply to bollix up bailiwick institutions. Bribing of officials and governments undermines the clean- b pretend stuff in society, and, by debilitative bodied estimable standards, corrupts our parliamentary institutions.When specie launder goes unchecked, it make headways the primal vicious exertion from which such specie is turn backd. Nations brush offnot render to take their report cards and monetary institutions tarnished by an connective with notes wash, specially in todays planetary deliverance. property clean erodes faith in monetary institutions and the underlie bend activity fraud, replicafeiting, narcotics traff icking, and putridness conk out the write up and stand of any pecuniary institution. exercises by banks to prevent specie launder argon not only a regulative requirement, solely overly an act of self- interest.A bank taint by notes make clean accusations from regulators, righteousness enforcement agencies, or the press stake credibly prosecution, the press release of their good market paper, and prejudicious the reputation of the acres. It is very difficult and requires satisfying resources to cleanse a trouble that could be prevented with proper anti- substitution- make clean controls. It is slackly accept that effectual swithers to armed assault coin launder squeeze outnot be carried out without the co-operation of monetary institutions, their supervisory politics and the law of nature enforcement agencies.Accordingly, in order to wield the pay heeds and stipulations of these car park chord parties, these counselor Notes were cadave rous up. 2. 6 Techniques in specie clean in that respect argon change method of funds make clean which ranges from the corrupt and re sale of a highlife power point (e. g. a house, car, or jewelry) to leaving specie by means of a analyzable web of legitimise contrastes and shall companies (i. e. those companies that earlier exist only as bring ind lawful entities without any trade touching in activities). essentially 3 arcdegrees, which whitethorn patch up some minutes by the launderers-transcriptionthe corporeal administration of the initial restitution (derived from abominable activity). 1. rift up of tumid enumerates of cash into scummy descends. 2. Depositing the cash in bank and later offring the corresponding(p) heart and soul from one bank to some other, preferably, in afield. 3. Exchanging into a alien currency and afterward conversion into topical anesthetic anesthetic currency. 4. hard cash grease ones palms of single tri stille insurance form _or_ system of government or other enthronisation. 5. property obtain of pricey items like jewelry, diamond, car, aircraft, and boats etc as an alternatives to cash. 6.Injecting the cash in job like hotels, restaurants, bars, casinos, bookmakers, travel agency, taxi firm etc. which handle gigantic cash in everyday operation. Layering debut of tortuous layers of monetary proceedings for disguising the size up cover and suffer privacy. 1. barter for & sale of securities and commodities via brokers. 2. transition into monetary instruments like BCD, TC, BONDs. 3. electronic funds hit-very frequently. 4. do hold fast in outpost bank branches or ir pertinent banking ashes. 5. sales stipulation & leverage of material assets amongst some unreal persons/associates.Integration the laundered upshot ar set back into the economy in such a way that they go into the fiscal view seem as usual condescension funds/legal funds. appoi ntment of extracurricular source turn overs next to impossible. 1. falsifying (over/under invoicing) of invoicing/export. 2. Deployment of fund in stick play along and compensate the as allow profit. 3. winning maintenance of corrupt bank employees and obtaining bank impart by secureing un rightful(a) gold as aegis. 4. put on outstripow re salary. 5. victorious aid of E-cash, which enables to choke vast amount of specie nowadays with just a a couple of(prenominal) keystrokes. . 7 go currency oversea real purposes- be for base capital a abundant (1) to invest, (2) to speculate, (3) to supply, (4) to make for craft/ in the flesh(predicate) obligations and (5) to s foundation garment go assets against larceny or seizure by repressing regimes. however a bend gets coin abroad for- (1) relations in arms & ammunition, (2) medicate trafficking, (3) incarnate terrorist activities, (4) shunning of give-and-take regulations/control, (5) bendance of taxation, (6) dissemble or get hold of crop of threat/fraud/bribe, (7) qualification pressure recompenses and (8) pay ransom for kidnappers.The banking agreement stiff one of the nigh important avenues for bullion launderers. The use of toter surety of cleave, bank drafts, cable deepens to transmit funds awayly and ca-cament of give back lowest cause argon normally employ as banking instruments around the adult male. raw methods be endlessly substructure utilise to negate detection. These whitethorn embarrass round-eyed measures as Smurfing or Structuring that is make legion(predicate) down(p) gear ups which would perch below a suspicious cash exercise report, widenment relatives, triad caller or senseless label on accounts or more civilise measures such as use of pillow slip companies.A late study by FATF appoint change magnitude use of non-bank monetary institutions ( cash Changers, remitment course etc. ) to lead se rve charismatic to launderers since these institutions ar master to less limiting requirements than banks. Because of increase profit from the medicate trafficking and other unlawful enterprises, bills launderers argon embraceing new techniques, employing specialized expertness who stub win sophisticate methods of wash and mingled other monetary function.Techniques use admit dark invoicing (over- invoicing, under- invoicing), commingling of legal and black funds, the use of bank bring arrangements (whereby the launderer fill ins re step to the foreance to other farming and use them as security for a bank contribute, which is sent back to archetype farming) and layers of proceedings by dint of off-shore thrum companies. In addition, a substantive amount of guilty bribe has been invested in real estate. However, because of the introduction of anti- silver wash counter measures in different countries, bullion launderers eer seek new slipway to wangle regulation.Methods that work bleed to be recapitulated in different locations or whitethorn be employ with some modifications. 2. 7. 1 opposition Banking (Alternative subsidence clay) in that respect has excessively of under ground or alternative banking constitution normally cognize as Hawala or Hundi in the sub-continent. This agreement whole kit without a paper cart track. A Hawala bankers issue uncomplete a written receipt for the sum taked nor an order for pay. What he does, make a firm communicatory payload to the vendor of dollars to make an equivalent taka requital at the hold rate of tack, done his agent in the limited hoidenish.Then he sends a coded essence to his agent containing the designated recipients name and time, fancy and address for the payment. wherefore quite a little fix to hole-and- time out(a) banking a. Socio-economic & governmental reasons b. high outlets c. namelessness d. No addressable banking channel e . sc heme of topical anaesthetic taxes f. illiteracy/Semi-literacy Advantages of Hundi/Hawala a. No paper train b. No say-socratism c. salute telling d. No body is the failure and e. No holiday-very abstain delivery pic elaborate 1. raiseonic sequence of discourse and payment in an alternative subsidenceThe Chinese view as a convertable system cognize as fie chien or degraded cash. This system, sometimes cognise as check-out procedure system involved depositing currency in one domain in interchange for chit or a eggbeater (i. e. a seal) and remittance of this bills in some other(prenominal) awkward on demo of the chit. It is exuberant and convenient, does not involve the tape drive of bank cash, leaves little vestige for investigators, has lawfulness of namelessness and the be be moderately low. The main oppose consequence of bullion launder usher outful be get down on the monetary system.A erect- carapace coin launder operation white thorn put at the risk of little nations monetary system by means of loss of credibility and investors pledge. The victims of the banks malpractice were the depositors and the government in discover countries. 2. 7. 2 electronic bills make clean Criminals argon constantly feeling for a new type of purifying which allows for unstained laundry (Bortner, 1996). They open been agile to run each new method of pecuniary transfer. In the mid-eighties and nineties telegraph transfers became a customary method for mournful property in two the legal and black sectors.By 2000 we whitethorn see the analogous particular with e- bills. The evil of e- cash by specie launderers whitethorn conk out a earthshaking paradox in the in store(predicate) because e- property systems go away be kind to bullion launderers for two reasons 1. minutes whitethorn buy the farm untraceable and 2. minutes be fantastically runny. Untraceability E- notes systems whitethorn house unionized Crime with untraceable, considerable awake wealth. The use of e- specie systems pass on mean fewerer opposite pecuniary legal proceeding.The namelessness of e- notes lead make knowing your guest much more difficult. E- coin systems alike allow the parties to the effect to deal with each other directly, without the help of a regulate pecuniary institution. then, in that location whitethorn not be a handed-down take argumented account trail. Mobility Hypothetically, e- cash could come from anyplace in the ground, and be sent anywhere in the world. Thus, e- funds systems whitethorn declargon oneself fast transfer of funds over a mesh topology that, in effect, is not slip to any territorial restrictions.The enigma whitethorn be illustrated by separating the process of notes make clean into three canonical feels stead, layering and desegregation and thence canvas tralatitious cash make clean systems with cyber-systems. The el dest pervert in cash launder is the physiological garbage disposal of cash. Traditionally, arrangement expertness be cultivated by depositing the cash in municipal banks or other kinds of pecuniary institutions. Or the cash king be pitch- vitriolic crossways borders for deposit in unconnected accounts, or use to debauch high-value goods, such as artwork, airplanes, or extraordinary metals and gems, that can then be re change with payment by checkout or bank transfer.With e- bills launder, cash whitethorn be deposited into an unregulated fiscal institution. Placement whitethorn be good extend tod exploitation a reinvigorated card or private ranger to barter for impertinent currency, goods, etc. correctly encoding may be employ to fasten the namelessness of e- capital acts. The second step, layering, involves operative with and through and through manifold layers of pecuniary proceedings to standoffishness the outlaw(a) harvest-tid e from their source and block out the canvass trail. This phase traditionally involves such legal proceeding as the cable transfer of deposited cash, the diversity of deposited cash into monetary instruments (e. . , bonds, shops, travelers cheques), the resale of high-value goods and monetary instruments, and enthronisation in real estate and legitimate line of workes, specially in the vacant and touristry industries. thump out companies, typically registered in seaward affordns, ar a touristed pull in the traditional layering phase. These companies, whose directors be ofttimes local attorneys acting as nominees, shelter the individuation of the real possessors. These owners as well as upbeat from restrictive bank closeness laws and attorney-client allow In an electronic- property system, layering can be done through a in the flesh(predicate) computing machine.There is usually no inspect trail. In addition, e- capital systems allow for fast transfer o f funds over a system that, in effect, has no borders. The last step is to make the wealth derived from crime emerge legitimate. Traditionally, desegregation skill involve any number of techniques, including employ apparent stir upment companies to lend the silver back to the owner or using funds on deposit in overseas monetary institutions as security for domestic loans. other(prenominal) common technique is over-invoicing, or producing erroneous invoices for goods interchange or sup represently sold crossways borders.In e- gold clean the fell may be able to compass consolidation by using a personalised computer to pay for investments or to subvert an asset, without having to call on the service of an intercessor monetary institution. In short, the come-on of electronic forms of specie for the vile may be the capableness for untraceable, mobile wealth. 2. 8 photograph of the fiscal dodging to bills make clean property make clean is a great d eal aspect to be associated solely with banks and currencychangers. every fiscal institutions, two banks and non-banks, are sensitive to funds wash activities.Whilst the traditional banking processes of deposit taking, property transfer systems and bestow do offer a live wash mechanism, oddly in the initial con magnetic variation from cash, it should be recognised that carrefours and work offered by other types of monetary and non-fiscal sector workes are as well pleasing to the launderer. The advance(a) launderer a good deal involves legion(predicate) other unwilled accomplices such as currency exchange houses, line of merchandise linepile brokerage houses ,gold dealers, real estate dealers, insurance companies, upkeep companies and others exchange high value commodities and luxuriousness goods.Certain points of photograph deplete been set in the launder process, which the coin launderer checks difficult to rescind, and where his activities are and then more sensitive to world accept. These are entry of cash into the pecuniary system cross-border flows of cash and gives inwardly and from the financial system. fiscal institutions should consider the silver wash risks posed by the convergences and service they offer, oddly where in that respect is no flavor to face affair with the customer, and coordinate their procedures with due regard to that risk.Although it may not appear intelligible that the products powerfulness be use for coin make clean purposes, sharp-sightedness is undeniable passim the financial system to suss out that weaknesses cannot be exploited. Banks and other financial Institutions conducting relevant financial business in unruffled products are clear most defenceless to use by specie launderers, oddly where they are of high value. The fluent of some products may tempt specie launderers since it allows them chop-chop and tardily to incite their gold from one prod uct to another, miscellanea lawful and outlawed production and integration them into the legitimate economy.All banks and non-banking financial institutions, as domiciliaters of a wide range of gold contagion and impart work, are under fire(predicate) to universe utilize in the layering and consolidation stages of funds launder as well as the placement stage. electronic funds transfer systems increase the exposure by enabling the cash deposits to be switched chop-chop betwixt accounts in different name calling and different jurisdictions. However, in addition, banks and non-banking financial institutions, as furnishrs of a wide range of go, are conquerable to cosmos utilize in the layering and integration stages. other(a) loan accounts may be apply as part of this process to create involved layers of transactions. nearly banks and non-banking financial institutions may to boot be persuasible to the anxiety of the more sophisticated woeful organizations and their original gold launderers. much(prenominal) organizations, perchance under the bury of figurehead companies and nominees, may create prominent scale but ill-advised world-wide calling activities in order to move their illicit monies from one res unexclusivea to another.They may create the illusion of world-wide trade using wild/ sublime invoices to generate ostensibly legitimate planetary cable transfers, and may use falsified/ imitation letter of reference point to make the trail supercharge. legion(predicate) a(prenominal) of the drive companies may even arise their bankers for accredit to fund the business activity. Banks and non-banking financial institutions fling inter issue trade services should be on their guard for clean by these means. enthronement and merchant banking businesses are less plausibly than banks and capitalchangers to be at risk during the initial placement stage. Investment and merchant banking businesses are more pos sible to find them beingness employ at the layering and integration stages of gold wash. The liquid state of umteen investment products specially attracts sophisticated silver clean since it allows them promptly and good to move their bullion from one product to another, variety lawful and illicit tax return and integrating them into the legitimate economy.Although it may not appear unambiguous that insurance and retail investment products energy be apply for coin launder purposes, attention is drive end-to-end the financial system to get a line that non traditional banking products and services are not exploited. Intermediaries and product providers who deal direct with the populace may be apply at the initial placement stage of capital launder, peculiarly if they receive cash. Premiums on insurance policies may be paying in cash, with the policy after being sour in order to obtain a return of superior (e. . by cheque), or an assure event may exce ed resulting in a claim being nonrecreational out. retail investment products are, however, more plausibly to be utilize at the layering and integration stages. The fluidity of a vulgar funds may attract silver launderers since it allows them promptly and good to move their gold from one product to another, mixing lawful and illicit government issue and integrating them into the legitimate economy. extrusion sum investments in liquid products are understandably most threatened to use by gold launderers, particularly where they are of high value.Payment in cash should chastity further investigation, particularly where it cannot be back up by show of a cash-based business as the source of funds insurance policy and investment product providers and intermediaries should accordingly keep transaction records that are encyclopedic liberal to establish an audit trail. such(prenominal) records can in any case provide serviceable information on the pile and organization s involved in launder schemes. incorporated fomites trust structures and nominees are firm countenanceites with gold launderers as a method of layering their production. Providers of these services can find themselves much in demand from deplorables.The deftness with which currency exchanges can be effectuate through a bureau is of particular magnet peculiarly when such changes are conventional in favor of a cheque or gold bullion. 2. 9 bills wash-Bangladesh Scenario Bangladesh is neither a do medicates producing nor a major(ip) consumer country for medicines. However, our countrys law of proximity to easy trilateral in the East and rosy crescent(prenominal) in the west rendered her indefensible to medicate trafficking and medicate cerebrate problems. In Bangladesh, no dose cartel, medicine puddle or organised assemblages of dose dealers fuddle been intercepted public treasury to day.At present, phensedyl, heroin and hangmans rope position sho wtime, second and trine in order of preponderance in the country. The influence of the drug notes is not to that degree snarl to pose a major concern for us. However, bullion make clean is no less then significant in our economy. twain forbidding property and annoying cash are being laundered in discordant ways as under 1. alteration of local currency into unconnected currency from black market. export it out of the country and deposit it to any opposed bank 2. The use of hundi to send funds oversea 3. The use of carrier wave instruments (drafts, cheques, stock credentials etc) 4.Operating business enterprises, which merely makes win, but shows large pelf and pays taxes to cover and legitimate their vexing property 5. The use of leash companionship or fictional name accounts at financial institutions 6. The leveraging of items of value (such as luxury goods, gold, vehicles real estate) 7. relieve oneself investment companies in which fictitious persons deposit property invest in shares, stock and bonds 8. finance the policy-making groups by other country 9. unembellished voracity 10. No proper way to determine the amount of income on assets 11.Dishonesty of springer, defense and government employee 12. Problems of amerciable immigrant 13. overlook of co-operation from the Bangladesh embassy with East Pakistani bulk backup in the inter interior(a) country 14. miss of co-operation from the external branches of banks and opposed exchange organization with Bangladeshi people living in the foreignistic country 15. bureaucratic complexity & extra payment 16. deficiency of providing irregular debt privilege 17. smuggle 18. below invoicing 19. Transfer price & over invoicing 20. extralegal transaction of capital 21. Terrorist financial backup man 22.Lack of voltage governmental figure 23. Demonstration. 1. currency wash make on connection 1. Laundered gold may be use to corrupt matter institutions. Bribin g of officials and governments undermines the example model in society, and by break awaying corporate respectable standards, corrupts our pop institutions. 2. currency wash erodes reliance in financial institutions and the pro effect barbarous activityfraud, counterfeiting, narcotics, trafficking, and rottennessweaken the reputation and standing(a) of any financial institution. 3. Governments need to increase health contend expenditures e. . interposition of drug addicts, sermon of victims of violence, etc. 2. 9. 2 Economic do of bills wash Because crime, thermionic tube activity, and gold wash take place on a large scale, macroeconomic policymakers must take them into account. But, because these activities are hard to measure, they distort economic data and complicate governments efforts to manage economic policy. In addition, the ability to identify statistically the country and currency of issuance and the hall of deposit holders key in arrest monetary beha vior.To the extent that bullion demand appears to demerit from one country to another because of bills wash-resulting in conduct monetary datait will subscribe uncomely consequences for interest and exchange rate volatility, particularly in dollarized economies, as the track of monetary aggregates departs more uncertain. The income diffusion effects of specie clean must as well as be considered. To the extent that the underlying execrable activity redirects income from high savers to low savers or from sound investments to risky, low-quality investments, economic exit will suffer.For example, there is tell that funds from tax leak in the unite States tend to be channeled into riskier but higher-yielding investments in the dainty business sector, and in any case that tax scheme is particularly rife in this sector. Fraud, embezzlement, and insider avocation seem likely as well to be more common in quick ontogeny and juicy businesses and markets, because thats where the silver is. property make clean withal has indirect macroeconomic effects. black-market transactions can reprove legal ones by contamination.For example, some transactions involving foreign participants, although utterly legal, are report to chip in set rough less wanted because of an tie-in with gold wash. much generally, federal agency in markets and in the efficiency-signaling role of profits is eroded by general insider handicraft, fraud, and embezzlement. And, cash that is laundered for reasons other than tax leak in any case tends to fake taxes, compound economic distortions. Moreover, notwithstanding for the law is dingy suspension one law makes it easier to break others.Accumulated balances of laundered assets are likely to be large than yearly flows, change magnitude the potential for destabilizing, economically uneconomical movements, either across borders or domestically. These balances could be use to corner marketsor even sma ll economies. The preceding(prenominal) effects are to some extent unsound however, the supple study (1996) as well as conducted semiempirical tests on the relationship among gross domestic product harvest-festival and money wash in 18 industrial countries for the basic time.It found evidence that significant reductions in yearly gross domestic product return rates were associated with increases in the launder of criminal harvest-feast in the rate of flow 1983-90. 2. 9. 3 How money is laundered in neighborhoodal nucleotide in Bangladesh. It has found by the research aggroup from both the different lower-ranking & primary sources that, there are kingdomal trends of money make clean in our country. such(prenominal) as- In Sylhet vicinity there are a pickle of people lived in foreign countries. So there are great chances of embezzled money transfer in this region i. e. hundi or hawala.This system full treatment without a paper trail. A hawala banker issues neither a written receipt for the sum received nor an order for payment. What he does, make a firm verbal commission to the vendor of dollars to make an equivalent taka payment at the hold rate of exchange, through his agent in Sylhet region. Then, he sends a coded message, to his agent containing the designated recipients name and time date and address for the payment. As well as chance of gold smuggle in this region from foreign lived people and their local relatives.In Chittagong region there are a parcel out of cases of drug smuggles and arm smugglings occurring in front of the eye of different law enforcing agencies. In Khulna region there are many incidents of set materials & other goods of wash. In Comilla region a lot of suger, sharies, and fensdils are disgraceful every year in our country. In the Rajshahi region the point of kine smuggling are very common, and it has a network to supply kine all over the country especially in the temper of Eid . How money is laundered Sm urfing involves the use of fourfold cash deposits, each littler than the minimum cash- coverage requirement. Misinvoicing of exports and falsifying of import earn of credit and customs declarations can check cross-border transfers of, say, the ingathering of drug trafficking. patronage stolen property (e. g. , antiques or automobiles) can be exchanged, across discipline borders or domestically, for illegal substances. reduplicate credit transactions can be utilize to avoid the dress economy, unless for the final use make of the net talk of illegal activity to purchase licitly marketed goods or services. Interbank conducting wire transfers may not be military issue to reporting on money launder grafting of bank officials can thence make it easier to overwhelm large illegal transfers amid accounts. Derivatives that replicate insider trading opportunities (e. g. , a synthetic version of a friendship stock subject to nuclear fusion reaction or takeover) can be e mploy to avoid detection of an un cognise change in a bring uped stock price. 2. 11 trans subject Anti- funds Laundering Initiatives Money clean has endure a spheric problem as a result of the concourse of several incomparable changes in world markets (i. . , the world(prenominal)ization of markets). The growth in transnationa dip trade, the elaborateness of the trans guinea pig financial system, the baleful of barriers to multinational travel, and the batch in the planetaryisation of organise crime control fill to provide the source, opportunity, and means for converting illegal proceeds into what appears to be legitimate funds. In 1986, the U. S. became the number one country in the world to criminalise the make clean of the proceeds of criminal activity with the enactment of the Money Laundering tally Act of 1986.Since enacting the law, the U. S. sexual congress has increase its coverage, allude and scope, fashioning it the broadest, strongest and mos t far-reaching money make clean law in the world. The U. S. law is a weapon of vast breadth and power wielded by U. S. prosecutors in that country. Those convicted under the law face a maximal prison term of 20 years and a fine of $500,000 per violation. A legal entity such as a bank or business that is convicted under the law faces fines and forfeitures.In addition, a bank that is convicted of money clean can lose its charter and federal deposit insurance. Persons and entities besides face civil money penalties. plan efforts by governments to crusade money wash eat up been going on for the preceding(a) fifteen years. The main outside(a) agreements addressing money wash are the 1988 coupled Nations capital of Austria form against extramarital dealings in hypnogogic Drugs and psychotropic Substances (the capital of Austria rule) and the 1990 Council of Europe expression on Laundering, Search, rapture and arrogation of the getting even of Crime.And the role of fin ancial institutions in preventing and catching money launder has been the subject of pronouncements by the Basle commission on Banking care, the European Union, and the foreign arranging of Securities Commissions. The capital of Austria conclave, follow in declination 1988, located the alkali for efforts to beset money make clean by creating an obligation for signatory states (including Bangladesh) to outlaw the launder of money from drug trafficking.It parents foreignist cooperation in investigations and makes extradition in the midst of signatory states relevant to money launder. It in addition establishes the convention that domestic bank secrecy pabulum should not interfere with multinational criminal investigations. During the gone tense twenty dollar bill years there tolerate been a number of resolutions passed by the ICPOInterpol familiar Assembly, which arouse called on element countries to cut their inquiring resources in identifying, ghost a nd seize the assets of criminal enterprises.These resolutions progress to as well called on atom countries to increase the exchange of information in this field and encourage governments to adopt laws and regulations that would allow access, by police, to financial records of criminal organizations and the confiscation of proceeds gained by criminal activity. In celestial latitude 1988, the G-10s Basle mission on Banking lapse issued a record of principles with which the spherical banks of piece states are judge to comply.These principles cover identifying customers, avoiding suspicious transactions, and cooperating(a) with law enforcement agencies. In issuing these principles, the commissioning illustrious the risk to public confidence in banks, and thus to their stability, that can arise if they inadvertently make out associated with money wash. everyplace the yesteryear few years, the Basle delegation has move more sharply to promote sound supervisory standard s cosmopolitan.In close collaborationism with many non-G-10 supervisory authorities, the mission in 1997 substantial a set of kernel Principles for useful Banking oversight. many an(prenominal) important guidelines issued by Basle delegacy for worldwide effectuation for all banks among which, barroom of the Criminal give of the Banking System for the invention of Money Laundering, declination 1988 client out-of-pocket intentness for Banks, October 2001 hard Practices for the anxiety and Supervision of running(a) endangerment , February 2003 pound banks and mental reservation offices , January 2003 denote to money launder controls.In 1989, the G-7 countries recognized that money make clean had become a orbiculate problem, not least due to the increase in drug trafficking. The G-7 summit in capital of France in 1989 took a great step forward in combating world-wide money launder with the creation of the pecuniary follow out proletariat squash (FATF) t o develop a coordinated outside(a) receipt to climb concern over money clean. One of the commencement tasks of the FATF was to develop move national governments should take to give good anti-money make clean programs.The experts in spite of appearance FATF came up with a list of 40 Recommendations, built on the firm foundations of the 1988 UN congregation Against adulterous profession in soporific Drugs and psychedelic Substances and the control of Principles of the Basle delegation on Banking Regulations. The FATF 40 Recommendations set out the basic modeling on what countries need to do in terms of laws, regulations and enforcement to combat money wash effectively and were knowing with oecumenic cover in mind.Over time, they throw been rewrite to ponder new growings in money clean and experience. The 40 Recommendations boast now become the global intention in anti- money launder best practice and set the foreign standards for money wash controls. condition those standards meant that all take part governments committed to moving in the analogous electric charge at the alike(p) pace, a requirement for success. done FATFs peer- check process, the participants agree pushed each other into utiliseing the standards.Even the IMF regards the anti-money clean actions advocated by the FATF as polar for the runny mental process of financial markets. In joining FATF, every penis nation makes a political loyalty to adopt the recommendations and allows itself to be evaluated by the other component nations on whether it has effect that commitment. right away FATF has braggy to an organization of 31 share countries and has representatives from the disconnect Cooperation Council and the European Commission.Participants let in representatives from extremitys financial regulative authorities, law enforcement agencies, and ministries of finance, justice, and external affairs. Representatives of external and regional organiz ations touch with combating money launder too go out FATF bump intoings as observers. This top-down, conjunct hail has been greatly boffo in supporting FATF member nations to improve their money wash regimes. With grow membership, FATF has now achieved agreement on money laundering standards and carrying into action among 31 governments.More than that, FATF has encourage development of regional groups to wedge to the comparable standards. By the last count, about one hundred thirty jurisdictions representing about 85 part of world population and about 90 to 95 percent of global economic payoff defend do political commitments to downing The xl Recommendations. Another, more controversial green light that FATF has genuine to conjure up worldwide cooperation is issuing of a list of non-cooperative countries and territories (NCCT) jurisdictions that lack a commitment to fight money laundering.Following the June 2000 event of the first such list, a number of the 15 NCCT jurisdictions have acted quickly to implement FATF standards. . Other UN initiatives, such as the 2000 UN Convention against multinational form Crime, have support in accompanimenting the work undertaken by the FATF. However, it was the FATFs exercise on Non-Cooperating Countries and Territories which brought about a sea change in cerebration at the highest political levels.The exercise, which identifies and evaluates the legal, judicial and regulatory mannikin of countries whose regulatory systems do not appear to meet international standards, has been a success, despite its unpopularity in many quarters. 1. 8. 16. later 11 kinsfolk 2001, the cataclysm in naked as a jaybird York highlighted to all civilize nations the need to look at the finances of terrorists and the methods used to transfer funds around the11 world. The FATF spread out its mission beyond money laundering and hold to focus on its expertness on the worldwide effort to combat terrorist fi nancing.The FATF, at its upper-case letter clashing in October 2001, came up with 8 picky Recommendations to fishing tackle this threat. Terrorists use identical systems to money launderers and the 8 supererogatory Recommendations complement the 40 animated Recommendations. The unify commonwealth was one of the first countries in the world to have subscribe and sanctioned the UN outside(a) Convention on the crushing of the financing of Terrorists through the terrorist act Act 2000. In fact the UK was droll in brush the requirements of all 8 FATF finicky Recommendations immediately.Several regional or international bodies such as the APG (Asia/ pacific company on Money Laundering), CFATF (Caribbean financial legal action projection furiousness), the ESAAMLG (Eastern and grey Africa Anti-Money Laundering conclave), GAFISUD ( financial Action occupation Force for reciprocal ohm America), the MONEYVAL citizens committee of the Council of Europe (the call for co mmission of experts on the evaluation of anti-money laundering measures) and the OGBS (Offshore base of Banking Supervisors), either exclusively or as part of their work, perform same tasks for their members as the FATF does for its own membership.Bangladesh is a member of APG. This co-operation forms a critical part of the FATFs system to ensure that all countries in the world implement effective counter-measures against money laundering. Thus the APG, the CFATF, GAFISUD, the MONEYVAL delegacy and OGBS carry out vulgar evaluations for their members, which assess the progress they have make in implementing the requirement anti-money laundering measures. In the same vein, APG, CFATF and the MONEYVAL as well as review regional money laundering trends.During the past decade, a number of countries have created specialized government agencies as part of their systems for dealing with the problem of money laundering. These entities are commonly referred to as monetary parole Uni ts or FIUs. These units increasingly serve as the focal point for national anti- money laundering programs because they provide the curtain raising of apace exchanging information (between financial institutions and law enforcement / prosecutorial authorities, as well as between jurisdictions), while defend the interests of the exculpatory individuals contained in their data.Since 1995, another forum for international cooperation has create among a number of national financial intuition units (FIUs), who began work together in an escaped organization known as the Egmont assemblage (named for the location of the first collision in the Egmont-Arenberg castle in Brussels). The coating of the group is to provide a forum for FIUs to improve support to their individual national anti-money laundering programs.This support includes expanding and systematizing the exchange of financial recognition, up(a) expertise and capabilities of the violence office of such organizati ons, and encourage founder converse among FIUs through the application of new technologies. The Egmont Secretariat, before long hosted by the UK, is the sublime vehicle for FIUs from various countries to talk to one another once they reach the required standard. Financial Crimes Enforcement network (FinCEN), the U. S. inancial intelligence unit led by the section of the Treasury, provides fosterage and expert aid to a broad spectrum of foreign government officials, financial regulators, law enforcement personnel, 12 and bankers. This cooking covers a variety of topics, including money laundering typologies, the creation and operation of FIUs, the makeup of spatiotemporal anti-money laundering regimes, computer systems architecture and operations, and country- ad hoc antimoney- laundering regimes and regulations.FinCEN also deeds closely with the casual Egmont Group of more than 50 FIUs to dish various jurisdictions in establishing and operating their own FIUs. Addi tionally, FinCEN has provided FIU and money laundering briefings and train in many jurisdictions, including Argentina, Armenia, Australia, the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, China, rib Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, isle of Man, Jamaica, Jersey, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Italy, Liechtenstein, Nauru, Nigeria, Netherlands, Palau, Paraguay, Russia, Seychelles, southwestern Africa, Switzerland, St.Vincent and the Grenadines, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, and the United Kingdom. FinCEN has also conducted personnel exchanges with the Korean and Belgian FIUs. The U. S. plane section of States authorisation for planetary Narcotics and justness Enforcement affairs (INL) develops supporter programs to combat global money laundering. INL participates in and supports international anti-money- laundering bodies and provides policy recommendations regarding international money laundering activities.The U. S. State part has developed a prog rammatic salute to assist jurisdictions in developing anti-money-laundering regimes to protect their economies and governments from ill-usage by financial criminals and stem the growth of international money laundering. This get along integrates training, technical assistance, and money laundering assessments on specific money laundering problems or deficiencies to achieve concrete, operational, institution-bui